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CMYK

Kev Nair

Thesaurus of Descriptive English

D

TM

‘Fluency Thesaurus’ series

CMYK

“Quirk for grammar, Fowler for usage and Kev Nair for fluency...” – The New Indian Express.

Thesaurus of Descriptive English CMYK

ESCRIPTIVE ENGLISH is English that you need in order to describe a person, thing, event or situation — that is, to say what they’re like or what happened, by giving details. If you want to become good at this kind of English, you have to have a practical command of the frequently occurring adverb + verb combinations and adverb + adjective combinations. This book is intended to help you achieve this practical command. The head-entries in this first-of-its-kind thesaurus are all adverbs. Yes, adverbs. Under each adverb-headword, you’ll find – grouped separately – the verbs and adjectives that conventionally occur with that adverb. So with this unique thesaurus to hand, you can’t be at a loss to decide what verbs and adjectives normally go with a given adverb. Every day, look up a few adverb-headwords. Browse through the verbs and adjectives listed under each. Each adverb, together with the verbs and adjectives listed under it, would build up a network of associations in your mind. This will help you achieve a good command not only of those adverbs, but also of those verbs and adjectives. Remember this: The most effective way of mastering adverbs is through the verbs and adjectives they tend to occur with.

Kev Nair

First Edition

• “If you tend to use English in your day-to-day life, ... for achieving excellence in it, here’s the final word on the line of authorities you need to follow: Quirk for grammar, Fowler for usage, and Kev Nair for fluency.” – The New Indian Express. • “Perhaps more innovative in method than Roget and more modern in approach than Fowler, Prof. Kev Nair is... one of the foremost Indian scholars who wield great influence on the thinking of the English-educated people around the world.” – General Knowledge Today. • “He had been reasearching since 1971 and the results... led him to new discoveries.” – THE HINDU.

“For great fluency in descriptive English: World’s first adverbwise compilation of verbs and adjectives that often occur with the adverb headwords.”

• “There is an air of enormous authority and dignity around all Prof. Nair’s works, each of which is a magnificent blend of scholarship and practical common sense.” – Competition Success Review.

Adult Faculties Council

TM

Adult Faculties Council

CMYK

TM

W E N

!

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Prof. Kev Nair Thesaurus of Descriptive English

Prof. Kev Nair was born in Kerala, South India, in 1949. He’s an eminent scholar. He’s a first class LL.B. and a first class LL.M. And he was ranked first in university in both the LL. B. and LL. M. exams. • “Nair was the first person in the world to give shape to the area of study now known as ‘English fluency development’ and to systematize it into a distinct teachable subject.. So he is better known as the father of fluency development.” – General Knowledge Today. • “He had been researching since 1971, and the results.. led him to new discoveries.. ” – THE HINDU. • “Prof. Kev Nair is regarded the world over as the father of fluency lexicography.. Fluency lexicography came into existence as a separate branch of dictionary writing with the publication of Prof. Nair’s Dictionary of Active Fluency Combinations in 1986.” – Competition Success Review. • “An eminent scholar of international repute and a renowned English language lexicographer” – The New Sunday Express. • “Pioneer fluency lexicographer” – The New Indian Express. • “His students are spread across 35 countries; highly educated, well-placed professionals turn to him for help.. Prof. Kev Nair.. has.. reached out to thousands – judicial officers, professionals, top executives, scholars – who need that comfort and ease in speech with his specialised fluency techniques.” – The New Indian Express. Prof. Nair is a lawyer by profession. He lives with his wife and two children in Kochi, Kerala, an enchanting place on the earth.

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Fluent English Lexicons by Prof. Kev Nair • A Dictionary of Active Fluency Combinations. • A Dictionary of Fluency Word Clusters. • The Complete Fluency Words. • A Dictionary of Essential Fluency Phrases. • Core Fluency Thesaurus. • Comprehensive Adjectival Fluency Dictionary. • Narrative Fluency Dictionary. • Thesaurus of Phrasal Verbs.

Books by Kev Nair making up Fluentzy: The English Fluency Encyclopedia • B1: Idea units & Fluency. • B2: Speech Generation & Flow Production. • B3: Teaching your Tongue & Speech Rhythm. • B4: Key Speech-initiators & Speech-unit Patterns. • S1/B13 & S2/B14: Fluency in Functional English (Vols. 1 & 2). • S3/B15: Fluency in Telephone English & Sectoral English. • B5: How to Deal with Hesitation. • B6: Oral Training in Fluency Vocabulary (Vol.1). • B7: Packing of Information. • B8: Impromptu Speech-flow Techniques. • S4/B16: Fluency Building & Mouth Gymnastics. • S5/B17: Fluency in speaking about people. • B9: Fluency in Asking Questions. • B10: Oral Training in Fluency Vocabulary (Vol.2). • B11: Fluency & Moment-to-Moment Speech-production. • B12: Oral Training in Fluency Vocabulary (Vol.3). • S6/B18 & S7/B19: Fluency in Topicwise English (Vols. 1 & 2). • S8/B20: Fluency & Pronunciation. Note: 1). The Fluent English Lexicons do not form part of Fluentzy: The English Fluency Encyclopedia. They’re separate publications – meant for those who want to specialize in fluency-oriented vocabulary. For details, visit www.fluencybookz.com. 2). As for more information about Fluentzy: The English Fluency Encyclopedia, visit www. fluentzy.com and www.fluentenglish.com.

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Thesaurus of

Descriptive English “For great fluency in descriptive English: World’s first adverbwise compilation of verbs and adjectives that often occur with the adverb headwords.” First Edition

Prof. Kev Nair

™ Adult Faculties Council ™



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For Uma

THESAURUS OF Descriptive english First published in 2008. Copyright © Prof. K. E. V. Nair, 2008. The right of Prof. K. E. V. Nair @ KevNair to be identified as the author of this book has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright Act, 1957. All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be copied or reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or manner whatever, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission, in writing, of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations or as expressly permitted by law. All quotations from this book shall credit Prof. KevNair. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published, and without a similar condition, including this condition, being imposed on any acquirer or the susequent purchaser. Any violation of these terms and conditions will invite civil and criminal proceedings and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Published in India by Mrs. Uma V. Nair, Adult Faculties Council, DP Lane, Elamakkara PO, Kochi-682 026, Kerala. Printed in India by Matha Offset Printers, Power House Road, Ernakulam - 682 018, Kerala. www.fluencybookz.com Price: Rs.395.00

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Contents

Preface, 7 Abbreviations, 9 Introduction, 11 Thesaurus, 45



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Preface

Descriptive English is English that you need when you want to describe a person, thing, event or situation — that is, to say what they’re like or what happened, by giving details. If you want to become good at this kind of English, you have to have a practical command of the frequently occurring adverb + verb combinations and adverb + adjective combinations. This book is intended to help you achieve this practical command. This book is a compilation of verbs and adjectives that often occur with a given adverb. Yes, this is an adverbwise compilation of verbs and adjectives. You’ll find these verbs and adjectives grouped separately under head-entries that are adverbs. The Introduction tells you, in detail, what an adverb is and in what positions in a clause adverbs tend to occur normally – in speech and writing – and why a practical mastery of adverbs and of their collocations is important for achieving great fluency in descriptive English. Please go through the Introduction before you start making use of this book. And do come back to it again and again. I record my thanks to the publisher. Do you have any suggestions, comments or criticisms? I would like to hear from you. Please do write to me (care of the Adult Faculties Council). KEV Nair Kochi, 2008.

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Abbreviations

infml

informal

sb

somebody

sth

something



sw

somewhere

AAA

Most frequent among adverbs of Maximum General Utility.

AA

Adverbs of Maximum General Utility: Less frequent than AAA-adverbs.

A

Adverbs of Maximum General Utility: Less frequent than AA-adverbs.

BBB

Adverbs of Near Maximum Utility: Less frequent than A-adverbs.

BB

Adverbs of Near Maximum Utility: Less frequent than BBB-adverbs.

B

Adverbs of Near Maximum Utility: Less frequent than BB-adverbs.

CC

Adverbs of Advanced General Utility: Less frequent than B-adverbs.

C

Adverbs of Advanced General Utility: Less frequent than CC-adverbs.

D

Other Useful adverbs.



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Introduction

How adverbs work This is a reference book that can help you find out what verbs or adjectives normally go with a given adverb. In theory, several adverbs can be thought of as possible modifiers of an adjective or verb, and so in theory, several adverb + adjective or adverb + verb combinations are possible. But mind you, not all of them would be acceptable combinations. That is, native speakers of English wouldn’t consider them all as ‘normal’ and so wouldn’t normally use them all in speech or writing. And they would find it quite odd if, when you speak to them or write to them, you use combinations that they consider unacceptable. For example, take the adverb extremely. Can you use it to modify useless? That is, is the term extremely useless an acceptable combination? The answer is No. The adverb extremely does not normally occur together with useless. So if you use the combination extremely useless in your speech or writing, you’re likely to sound unEnglish. Then what are the adjectives (and verbs) that can acceptably be modified by the adverb extremely? Just look up the headword extremely in this thesaurus, and you’ll get the answer. In other words, this book helps you find acceptable adverbs that can go with your adjectives and verbs. That is, this is primarily a book that covers acceptable word combinations of two types: adverb + adjective and adverb + verb. These are combinations that occur quite frequently in speech and writing — more frequently than can be expected to happen by chance. The technical name for word combinations like these is collocations. Now when you look up an adverb-headword and go through the verbs and adjectives listed under that adverb, here’s one question that

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can come up your mind: Should I use the adverb before the adjectives /verbs or after them? At the outset, understand that, in actual practice, this is not a difficult issue at all. First of all, you don’t need to learn by heart what adverbs tend to occur in the initial position (in a clause), what adverbs tend to occur in the medial position (in a clause) and what adverbs tend to occur in the end position (in a clause). Generally speaking, if you know what adverbs tend to collocate – occur together – with a particular adjective or verb, that knowledge as well as your general grounding in grammar and syntax would help you use the adverbs in the appropriate position. Secondly, as far as the adjectives listed under an adverb-headword are concerned, you should use them all after the adverb concerned. There are only two exceptions worth considering: The adverbs enough and indeed. The first of these two adverbs, enough, always occur after the adjective concerned. E.g. bad enough, big enough, deep enough, difficult enough, good enough, hard enough, hot enough, large enough, lucky enough, warm enough, wise enough. The second adverb, indeed, is normally used after an adjective (though it can also be used before the adjective): E.g. good indeed, loud indeed, poor indeed, rare indeed, rich indeed. Thirdly, as far as the verbs listed under an adverb-headword are concerned, here is what you must understand: An adverb-headword can often function not only as a modifier adverb for the verbs listed under it, but also as the Adverbial elements in a clause, and so normally, the syntax of the clause – and the grammar and usage governing the individual words in the clause – would decide for you the position of the adverb in the clause. In addition, there are a few simple conventions that can help you make up your mind in difficult situations. (I’ll tell you about them later). What I want you to stress at the outset is this: The position of an adverb (in relation to a verb, adjective, etc.) is not really what causes difficulty for foreign learners of English. The real difficulty for them is collocational. Yes, collocational. That is, the real difficulty happens if they do not know what adjective or verb can go together with what adverb — and vice versa. This book is intended to help you get over this difficulty. Now how important is it to achieve a practical mastery of

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adverbs? The answer is this: A practical mastery of adverbs is very important not only for fluency in content-intensive English, but also for fluency in everyday English. As you know, there are four types of content (or lexical) words: Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. As far as adjectives are concerned, they play a greater role in contentintensive English (spoken and written) than in everyday English. But as far as verbs are concerned, they play a key role both in contentintensive English (spoken and written) as well as in everyday English (spoken and written). In fact, while you need a good command of both adjectives and adverbs for a high degree of fluency in spoken as well as written English, adjectives are more frequent in written English than in spoken English, and adverbs are more frequent in spoken English than in written English. So here’s something I want you to understand: If you’re a person who won’t be satisfied with average fluency, that too, in everyday conversation alone, but would like to acquire a high degree of fluency over a wide variety of topics, a clear idea of the syntactic and semantic functions of adverbs would be a big help. And of course, it goes without saying that you should have a clear idea of the possible positions of an adverb within a clause or phrase — and outside them. So let’s go ahead and take a detailed look at adverbs. What you’re going to get below is a comprehensive study on adverbs.

Syntactic function First of all, what is an adverb? Now don’t get me wrong. My intention is not to get you bogged down in a lot of grammatical details or technical terms. To become reasonably fluent in English, it is not at all necessary that you must be able to define an adverb precisely — or that you must be able to say whether a given word is an adverb, and if it is, what category of adverbs it belongs to. But if you have some practical knowledge of what an adverb is and what its role is in speech and writing, that would certainly help, especially to achieve a high degree of fluency — particularly in written English. So when you go through what I’m going to say about adverbs, do keep this in mind: You don’t have to learn all the minute details or memorize the technical terms as thoroughly as a student preparing for an examination. Just concentrate on the main concepts, and don’t get caught up with the details. The details are important only to the extent that they help you grasp the main concepts. So here we go: Grammatically, an adverb is a word that can perform one of the two following syntactic functions:

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1). Function 1: Acting as a pure modifier An adverb can act as a pure modifier — without being an Adverbial element in a clause. (If you don’t know the difference between the terms adverb and adverbial, don’t worry. We’ll take up this point a little later)1. An adverb can perform the function of being a pure modifier in the following ways:

(i) An adverb can pre-modify an adjective That is, it can add to or restrict or minimize the meaning of an adjective. For example, just take a look at these clauses: He is extremely bold. He is an extremely bold person. An extremely interesting thing happened yesterday. He has done an extremely good job. In these four examples, extremely is an adverb. In the first and second examples, it modifies the adjective ‘bold’. In the third example, it modifies the adjective ‘interesting’. In the fourth example, it modifies the adjective ‘good’.

(ii) An adverb can pre-modify another adverb Here what the modifier adverb does is to intensify or downtone the meaning of the other adverb. For example, just take a look at this clause: You should treat her very (= modifier adverb) kindly. He did the job really (= modifier adverb) well. She does this quite (= modifier adverb) often. He explained everything fairly (= modifier adverb) clearly. Here very, really, quite and fairly are adverbs, and they modify the other adverbs ‘kindly’, ‘well’, ‘often’ and ‘clearly’ respectively. The combinations ‘very kindly’, ‘really well’, ‘quite often’ and ‘fairly clearly’ are multi-word adverb phrases. Here’s an important point you can note here: All modifier adverbs occur before the modified one — except for the modifier adverbs enough and indeed. Enough and indeed occur after the other adverbs they modify: He speaks fluently enough. He did it cleverly indeed. funnily enough, interestingly enough, oddly enough, promisingly 1

See the topic “Adverbs and adverbials” a few pages below.

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enough, strangely enough. Note: Adverbs that modify other adverbs are conventionally known as adverbs of degree.

(iii) A small set of adverbs can modify even nouns, pronouns, etc.

(a) Some adverbs often premodify noun phrases: E.g. That is quite a problem. That was rather a good story. He was really a coward. He is still their favourite writer.

(b) Some adverbs of time and place postmodify noun phrases: E.g. the discussion yesterday, the meeting tomorrow, the weather there, the people here, a trip abroad, the way ahead, the development afterwards.

(c) Some adverbs can premodify as well as postmodify: E.g. the above statement, the statement above, the upstairs window, the window upstairs, the downstairs tenants, the tenants downstairs.

(d) The adverbs after, away, down, home, inside, then, up and worldwide can occur before nouns: E.g. the then government, the up train, the down train, an away game/match, a home game/match, inside information, worldwide sales.

(iv) The adverbs right, well and directly often modify prepositions/prepositional phrases: E.g. They left right after you. He was well ahead of the other runners. These students have got well beyond that stage. They live directly above.

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(v) The adverb right often modifies particles in phrasal verbs: E.g. They called the strike right off.

(vi) Intensifier adverbs and downtoner adverbs: They also often modify pronouns, pre-determiners, numerals and measurements: E.g. practically everybody, almost nobody, almost nothing, nearly everything. about 3 kilometres, roughly two-thirds of the profits.

2). Function 2: Acting as the Adverbial An adverb can act as the Adverbial element in a clause. An adverb can do this in two ways:

(i) By modifying the Verb element in the clause That is, an adverb can act as the Adverbial element by adding to or restricting or minimizing the meaning of the verb. For example, just take a look at these clauses: This (= S) happened (= V) yesterday (= A)2. They (=S) decide (=V) these matters (=O) locally (= A). You (= S) should aim (= V) high (= A). You (= S) should treat (= V) her (= O) kindly (= A). They (= S) helped (= V) us (= O) willingly (= A). In these examples, yesterday, locally, high, kindly and willingly are adverbs (acting as the Adverbial element in the clause), and they modify the verbs ‘happened’, ‘decide’, ‘aim’, ‘treat’, and ‘helped’ respectively.

Adjuncts and Subjuncts Adverbs that modify verbs are classified, according to their grammatical roles, as Adjuncts and Subjuncts. (Remember this: To become fluent in English – even to a high degree – it is not essential that you should be able to categorize an adverb as an adjunct or subjunct. Just understand that adverbs that modify the verb element within a clause can be of two types. And have an understanding of the difference in their functions). 2

S = Subject element; V = Verb element; O = Object element; C = Complement element.

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Essentially, adjuncts are adverbials that modify verbs by adding circumstantial details to them, such as, details of time, place, manner, etc. And so they have to do with the core proposition in a clause. In the examples given above, the adverbs yesterday, locally, kindly, locally, high and willingly are adjunct adverbs. Subjuncts also modify verbs, but what they do while modifying verbs is not entirely to add circumstantial details to the main proposition but to add to the intensity or force of the verbs (or to soften their meaning). And subjuncts are less integrated into the clause structure than adjuncts, and so have a subordinate role in the clause as compared to an adjunct. E.g. When did the programme (= S) really (= A) start (= V)? They (= S) have greatly (= A) improved (= V) their performance (= O). By allowing themselves to be shifted from the end-position in the clause to the medial or initial position, they can spotlight or draw special attention to a particular unit in the clause (such as the Verb alone or the Verb and what follows it or even the Subject).

ii). By relating to the whole clause

Conjuncts and Disjuncts Some adverbs can act as the Adverbial element by remaining syntactically detached from the clause structure (without becoming a built-in element within the clause). These adverbs remain peripheral to the clause structure, and they relate to the whole clause, rather than to an element or part alone (like adjuncts and subjuncts). They’re of two types: Disjuncts and Conjuncts. (Remember this: To become fluent in English – even to a high degree – it is not essential that you should be able to categorize an adverb as a disjunct or conjunct. Just understand that some adverbs stand outside the clause structure and “modify” the whole clause, and not just the verb element within that clause, and that they can be of two types. And have an understanding of the difference in their functions). Let me explain: While adjuncts and subjuncts have to do with the elements within the clause, disjuncts and conjuncts have to do with the clause as a whole. And while adjuncts are, to a great extent, and subjuncts are, to some extent, integrated within the clause structure, disjuncts and conjuncts are syntactically far more detached from the clause structure.

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Disjuncts relate to a whole clause, by expressing a judgemental comment on its form or on its content. Here are a few examples. The words in italics are disjuncts adverbs: E.g. Confidentially, I don’t agree with what they’re doing. Obviously, they need to adopt another approach. As for conjuncts, they relate to the whole clause by acting as logical connectors that ‘conjoin’ that clause to the preceding clause or to a group of preceding clauses. Here are a few examples. The words in italics are conjuncts adverbs: E.g. The cost of production has gone up almost two-fold. Similarly, the operating costs have also increased. They’re likely to invite competitive tenders. Alternatively, they may even negotiate a short-term contract with the approved contractors. Why do you want to get his opinion? Admittedly, he’s not an expert. As disjuncts and conjuncts are adverbials that relate to a clause as a whole, rather than to a part alone of a clause (as adjuncts and subjuncts usually do), disjuncts and conjuncts are often called sentence adverbials.3

Adverbs and adverbials There’s an important point you should note here about the two syntactic functions of adverbs — that is, about the function of adverbs as pure modifiers and about their function as Adverbials. When the grammatical function of an adverb is to act as a modifier as at 1(i), (ii) and (iii), it does not act an element of the clause at all. [Roughly speaking, it’s then only a sub-element within a phrase — a phrase that acts as the C(omplement)-element or the S(ubject)element or the O(bject)-element.] Take a close look at the four examples at 1(i) above. In these examples, the function of the adverb is to modify an adjective. In these examples, the adverb extremely is not an element of a clause, but only a part within an element in the clause. Thus, in the first and second examples, it’s a part within the C-elements: “extremely bold” and “an extremely bold person” respectively. In the third example, it’s only a part within the S-element: “An extremely interesting thing”. And in the fourth example, it’s only a part within the O-element: “an 3

Sometimes, Adjuncts can also relate to the whole sentence.

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extremely good job”. In these examples, extremely isn’t as full-fledged an element of the clause structure as the C-element or the S-element or the O-element. On the other hand, when an adverb’s role is to modify a verb as at 2 above, the adverb is itself an element in the clause structure, and not simply a part of one of the clause elements. An adverb is then as fullfledged an element as the S-element, O-element, or C-element — and is grammatically called the Adverbial element (A-element) or simply the ‘Adverbial’. For example, take a close look at the examples at 2(i) above. In these examples, the function of the adverb is to modify a verb. In these examples, yesterday, locally, high, kindly and willingly are full-fledged Adverbial elements — and not words within multi-word phrases. Now there’s an important point you should keep in mind: The terms adverb and adverbial do not always refer to the same vocabulary item. For most people, this is a source of confusion. The term adverb refers to a “part of speech” — like noun, verb and adjective. But the term adverbial refers not to a part of speech, but to the element in a clause, that is, a “clause constituent” — like the subject and the object. Of course, an adverb can function as an adverbial, but understand this: An adverb does not always act as an adverbial. For example, when it modifies an adjective, it isn’t an adverbial, but when it modifies a verb, it is. And mind you, not all Adverbials are adverbs, either. Other types of vocabulary items (other than adverbs) can also function as the Adverbial element in a clause. Here are the various types of vocabulary items that function as adverbials: 1). Prepositional phrases. 2). Single adverbs (that is, adverbs that are not modified by other adverbs) and adverb phrases (that is, adverbs that are modified by other adverbs). 3). Clauses (that is, adverbial clauses: clauses working inside other clauses as adverbials): (i) Finite clauses. (ii) Non-finite clauses: a). -ing clauses; b). -ed clauses; c). verbless clauses. 4). Noun phrases. In fact, adverbs are not the most widely used adverbials, but prepositional phrases are. Adverbs are only the next most frequently used Adverbials. Adverbs occur as Adverbials only about 2/3rds of the number of times that prepositional phrases do.

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Note: Adverbial clauses occur as Adverbials about 50% of the number of times that adverbs do. (And out of Adverbial clauses, finite clauses occur more than twice the number of times as non-finite clauses in writing, and more than five times the number of times as non-finite clauses in speech). Noun phrases, as Adverbials, are not as frequent as clauses, but not rare. They occur as Adverbials about 1/3rd of the number of times that clauses occur (as Adverbials). Multi-word adverb phrases also occur as adverbials, but they’re not very common. In fact, they’re the least frequent types of vocabulary items used as the Adverbial element. They’re only half as frequent as Noun-phrase adverbials. In the example, ‘He treated her very kindly’, very kindly is an adverbial phrase – a multi-word adverb phrase – in which an adverb very modifies another adverb kindly.

Types of adverbs There are 3 types of adverbs:

Derivational adverbs

-ly adverbs formed from adjectives Most adverbs are -ly adverbs. They’re words derived from corresponding adjectives by adding the suffix -ly to those adjectives. Most adverbs of manner and many adverbs of degree are -ly adverbs formed in this way. Here are some examples of -ly adverbs of manner: amicably, angrily, badly, calmly, clearly, dryly, easily, economically, erratically, expertly, foolishly, frankly, frugally, gloomily, happily, intelligently, loosely, markedly, non-chalantly, outrageously, perfectly, primarily, publicly, quickly, reasonably, rudely, seriously, shabbily, simply, slowly, spontaneously, studiously, surprisingly, tightly, tragically, typically, wryly. Here are some examples of -ly adverbs of degree: absolutely, adequately, altogether, amazingly, awfully, badly, barely, bitterly, carefully, completely, considerably, deeply, drastically, dreadfully, enormously, entirely, exceedingly, excessively, extensively, extraordinarily, extremely, fairly, fantastically, fully, greatly, hardly, hugely, immensely, incredibly, intensely, largely, moderately, nearly, noticeably, particularly, partially, partly, perfectly, poorly, positively, powerfully, practically, profoundly, purely, quite, radically, rather, raucously, really,

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reasonably, remarkably, scarcely, significantly, simply, slightly, solely, soundly, strongly, sufficiently, supremely, surprisingly, suspiciously, terribly, thoroughly, totally, tremendously, truly, unbelievably, utterly, virtually, wholly, wonderfully.

-ly adverbs formed from other classes (i) Don’t be under the impression that all -ly adverbs are words derived from adjectives. In fact, there are some -ly adverbs that have been derived from bases other than adjectives. Here are two such groups of adverbs. They have been derived from nouns (and not from adjectives): (a) daily, fortnightly, hourly, monthly, quarterly, weekly, yearly. (b) bodily, namely, partly, purposely. Here is a -ly adverb derived from a phrase: • matter-of-factly (informal). And here is a group of -ly adverbs derived from the -ing form of verbs: accordingly, exceedingly, jokingly, lovingly. (ii) An interesting point about the -ly adverbs at (i) (a) above (that is, time adverbs derived from nouns) is this: These -ly adverbs function as adjectives also. E.g. daily flights, fortnightly meetings, hourly news broadcast, monthly newsletter, quarterly report, weekly wage, yearly pay-increase. There are also other -ly words that can function both as adjectives and adverbs. For example, the -ly word early is an adjective in the phrase “early morning”, but an adverb in the clause “Don’t leave so early”. Similarly, the -ly word likely is an adjective in the phrase “the most likely cause”, but an adverb in the clause “They’ll most likely accept the offer.” Here’s another example: deadly is an adjective in the phrase “deadly poison”, but an adverb in the phrase “a deadly boring novel”. So remember this: Not all -ly words are adverbs, though most are. (iii) In fact, there are a few -ly words that cannot function as adverbs at all, and can function only as adjectives. Most of these are -ly words that have been derived from nouns. Here are some important examples: beastly, brotherly, cowardly, earthly, friendly, gentlemanly, heavenly, kindly, kingly, leisurely, lively (= life+ly), lovely, manly, masterly, motherly, princely, queenly, scholarly, sisterly, soldierly,

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unearthly, unfriendly, unscholarly, unsoldierly, womanly. Here are two -ly adjectives (not adverbs, but adjectives) that have not been derived from any other part of speech, but are -ly words in their original form: grisly, silly. (iv) Then there are a few words that can be used both as adjectives and as adverbs in the same form. Though they have the adverb form with the -ly suffix also, they’re often used as adverbs without the -ly suffix (especially, in informal situations). For example, take the adjective dear. It has the adverb form dearly. But the form dear itself is often used as an adverb. Here’s an example: He ignored the warning, and that cost him dear(ly). That’s just plain crazy. Things are going fine. Here are some other adjectives that are sometimes used as adverbs also — in the same form (that is, without adding the -ly suffix, though they can sometimes be used as adverbs by adding the -ly suffix also): cheap, clean, clear, close, dead, deep, direct, easy, fair, false, fine, firm, first, flat, free, full, high, large, last, light, loud, low, mighty, quick, right, round, scarce, sharp, short, slow, soft, sound, strong, sure, tight, wide, wrong. E.g. buy cheap(ly), sell cheap(ly), breathe deep(ly), fly direct(ly) to…, turn sharp(ly) right, speak louder/loudly, speak clear(ly), come quick(ly). There are two important points you should note here: First, not all verbs (or adjectives) allow you to use these words as adverbs without the -ly suffix. Some verbs need the -ly form of adverbs. But some prefer the form without -ly. This is entirely a matter of usage and convention, and not a matter of grammatical rules. (And so it’s very important that you should pay special attention not only to the grammar but also to the usage of these words — words that can be used both as adjectives and as adverbs in the same form. Any standard dictionary meant for advanced learner’s can help you here). For example, “I understood it clear” is not acceptable, but “I understood it clearly” (with the -ly form clearly) is. Here are a few more examples of combinations which need -ly forms of adverbs (rather than the form without -ly): closely resemble something, firmly believe, complain loudly, answer sharply, think highly of someone, clearly wrong, fairly easy, finely balanced, flow smoothly, plainly visible.

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Second, though some words can be used as adverbs with or without the -ly suffix, don’t be under the impression that the meaning they convey when you use them without the -ly suffix is always the same as the meaning they convey when you use them with the -ly suffix. That is not so. Of course, some of these words do express the same meaning whether you use them as adverbs with the -ly suffix or without the -ly suffix: E.g. buy cheap(ly), sell cheap(ly), breathe deep(ly), fly direct(ly) to…, turn sharp(ly) right, speak louder/loudly, speak clear(ly), come quick(ly). But the meaning that some adverbs convey when you use them without the -ly suffix is wholly different from the meaning they convey when you use them with the -ly suffix. Here’s a list of these words: hard, hardly; just, justly; late, lately; most, mostly; pretty, prettily. (v) Lastly, there are some words that have only one form, and you can use them as adverbs and as adjectives in that form. Here are some examples: early, fast, half, long, straight.

Other derivational adverbs Don’t be under the impression that -ly adverbs are the only type of adverbs derived from other words belonging to other word classes. There are other types of derivational adverbs also. Here are a few examples. You’ll find the suffixes (that are used to convert the words into adverbs) given in italics): • afterward(s), downward(s), earthward(s), forward(s), heavenward(s), inward(s), onward(s), seaward(s), skyward(s), southward(s), straightforward(s), upward(s). • (eat) Indian-fashion, (move) spider-fashion, tiger-fashion. • buffet-style, manager-style, cowboy-style, gangland-style. • anticlockwise, clockwise, crabwise, crosswise, lengthwise, likewise, otherwise. • edgeways, lengthways, sideways, widthways. • attitudewise, education-wise, healthwise, moneywise, plotwise, weatherwise. Note: This last category is a very productive category. Speakers and writers frequently form a large number of very useful adverbs by adding the suffix ‘-wise’ to nouns in this way — to suit their communicative needs from time to time.

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Non-derivational adverbs Some of the frequently-used adverbs are words that are not derived from derivational affixes. These non-derivational adverbs belong to two categories:

Simple adverbs These are one-word adverbs. They are not words formed by combining two or more words into a single one, but single-stem, affixless words. Here are a few such simple adverbs: as, back, but, either, else, ever, here, how, down, just, least, less, more, most, near, no, not, off, often, only, out, perhaps, please, quite, rather, round, seldom, so, some, soon, still, though, thus, too, under, way, well, why, yes, yet. Note: Mind you, many words that function as adverbs also function as other parts of speech. For example, words like down, out, etc. function not only as adverbs, but also as prepositions.

Compound adverbs These too are one-word adverbs like simple adverbs. But unlike simple adverbs, these are words that are combinations of two or more individual words. Here are a few examples: sometimes, somewhere, anywhere, downstairs, downtown, everywhere, maybe, indoors, inside, outside, therefore, upstairs.

Relative frequency of Adverbials Now, here’s an interesting contrast: Simple adverbs, together with -ly adverbs, account for more than 80% of the adverbs that are frequently used in speech as well as writing. Compound adverbs account only for less than 20%. As far as everyday speech is concerned, out of the above-mentioned 80% of the occurrences of adverbs (accounted for by simple and -ly adverbs), 60% are accounted for by simple adverbs and only about 20% of occurrences are accounted for by -ly adverbs. But as far as content-intensive speech is concerned, -ly adverbs occur almost as frequently as simple adverbs (almost 1:1). And as far as serious writing (especially, academic writing) is concerned, the balance swings the other way round: There, -ly adverbs account for more than 50%, and simple adverbs account for only less than 30%. Now remember this: In this book, we’re only concerned about

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the role of adverbs in forming word clusters of the pattern adverb + adjective and adverb + verb (as well as adverb + verb). And these adverbs are mostly -ly adverbs.

Position of adverbs Adverbs modifying adjectives When an adverb’s role is to modify an adjective (and not a verb), it occurs within a phrase — within an adjective phrase or a noun phrase (containing an adjective). In this role as a modifier of an adjective, it is only a sub-element within a clause element, and is not itself a clause element. All adverbs that modify adjectives do so by pre-modifying them — that is, by occurring before the adjective (and not after it). As I’ve already told you, the only exceptions are the adverbs enough and indeed. E.g. extremely bold. an extremely bold person. An extremely interesting thing. an extremely good job. The adverbs enough and indeed however, postmodify adjectives by occurring after the adjectives: E.g. large enough, warm enough; loud indeed, poor indeed. And about the adverb indeed, here’s a point you should take special note of: It can occur either before an adjective or after it: Their performance was great – indeed marvellous. Their performance was great – marvellous indeed. And here’s an important point about adverbs that modify other adverbs: All adverbs that modify other adverbs, also do so by premodifying them — that is, by occurring before the adverbs that are being modified (and not after them). Here too, the only exceptions are the adverbs enough and indeed. E.g. perfectly well, extremely thoroughly, really badly, very carefully, pretty well, quite frankly, strangely enough, oddly enough, stupidly indeed.

Position of Adverbial adverbs When an adverb’s role is to modify a verb, it is a full clause-element (“Adverbial”) and, as explained earlier, not just a sub-element within

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a clause element. In this role as the modifier of the verb-element in a clause, it is the Adverbial element itself. Now there’s one thing you must understand about the role of an Adverbial within a clause: An Adverbial is not always an obligatory syntactic element in a clause in the way that the Verb element is (or even in the way the Subject element is). Let me explain: Generally speaking, a clause (that is, a finite clause) always needs the Verb element, and almost always the Subject element. But most types of clauses do not need an Adverbial for them to be syntactically complete.4 That is, grammatically, the Adverbial is obligatory only under certain syntactic contexts. But what happens in practice is this: Very often, the extra details that Adverbials can add are informationally important, and so speakers and writers cannot omit adverbials even when they’re syntactically unnecessary or redundant. Also Adverbials are an easy means to add circumstantial details, such as details of place, time, manner, etc. to the clauses they use. And so, even when they’re not syntactically obligatory, fluent speakers and writers optionally add Adverbials to their clauses. In fact, they do this quite freely. (And they sometimes add not just one Adverbial, but two or three of Adverbials in a row.) But sometimes, an Adverbial is an obligatory syntactic element in a clause. In their role as obligatory Adverbials, they occur after the Verb element in the SVA structure and after the direct object in the SVOA structure. E.g. She (S) remained (V) upstairs (A). He (S) took (V) them (O) inside (A). But in their role as optional Adverbials, they’re often a mobile element, and by using them in positions other than the end of the clause, you can use them as a highlighting device, emphasizing device, a focusing device, etc. That is, you can use them before or after the other clause-elements, depending on what information you want to highlight or emphasize and which clause-element you want to carry the information focus. Sometimes, you might like to change the normal position of an adverb, so you can give the proposition in the clause a meaning that’s different from the meaning it would convey if it’s allowed to go to its normal position. Here’s an example: He didn’t do it deliberately. (Normal position of the adverb 4

Only two types of clauses need an Adverbial for them to be syntactically complete. These are the “S(ubject) + V(erb/Linking V)erb + A(dverbial)” clause and the “S(ubject) + Verb + Direct O(bject) + A(dverbial)” clause in which the A-element expresses locations and direction in space, location in time, etc.

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deliberately) He deliberately didn’t do it. (Normal position changed. Changed meaning: He didn’t do it, and that was deliberate). He didn’t deliberately do it. (Normal position changed. Changed meaning: He didn’t do it, but that was not deliberate). In other words, the position of optional Adverbials in a clause is quite flexible. Generally speaking, they have great freedom to occur in two or three different positions within the clause. These positions are the initial position, medial position and the end position.

End position Broadly speaking, the normal position for an adverb is the end position in a clause — especially, when the adverb expresses new and important information. And this end position is the position that comes after all the obligatory elements in the clause: In a clause that has the Subject and Verb elements, but no Object element, the end position is the position after the Verb, and this is the normal position for an adverb in such a clause: E.g. They (= S) were singing (= V) loudly (= A). In a clause that not only has the Subject and Verb elements, but also the Object element (= O), the end position is the position after the Object, and this is the normal position for an adverb in such a clause: E.g. He (= S) recognized (= V) her (= O) immediately (= A). The adverbs that have the end position as their most preferred position are adverbs of manner, place (distance, position, direction and area) and time (time-when, duration and time-frequency). In fact, adverbs occur about three times as frequently at the end position as at the medial position. For adverbs of duration, the end position is the most usual position. As far as adverbs of degree are concerned, the medial position is their preferred position, but if you’re trying to convey absolute intensity, you should use most intensifying adverbs in the end position. In fact, there are a few adverbs of degree that normally allow themselves to be used only in the end position. These adverbs of degree are: altogether, enormously, hard, outright, somewhat, tremendously and well. E.g. He has stopped smoking altogether. Their influence has grown enormously. She had to work hard.

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They rejected the proposal outright. The economy has improved somewhat. They all enjoyed themselves tremendously. He speaks English well.

Medial position Even when the normal position for an adverb is the end position, you have the freedom to change its position to the medial position (or even to the initial position) — provided, of course, that the clause still remains syntactically acceptable. For example, if you want to draw more attention to that adverb than it can get at the normal end position or to intensify the normal meaning of the verb it modifies, you can move it to the medial position (provided, of course, that the clause would still remain syntactically acceptable). Strictly speaking, the medial position is any position between the first obligatory element (= Subject) and the last obligatory element in a clause. But often, the medial position is the position between the Subject element and the Verb element. Generally speaking, you’ll be able to shift most one-word adverbs (simple as well as compound) to the medial position for purposes of emphasis, focus and contrast. Here are a few important medial positions:

a). Immediately before the lexical verb: E.g. She (= S) often comes (= V) here. He (= S) immediately recognized (= V) me. She (= S) probably doesn’t like (= V) him. I (= S) quite enjoy (=V) doing things like these. He (= S) easily finished (= V) the job in an hour. She (= S) certainly looked (= V) nice.

b) Between the operator and verb Where there’s an operator (= the first or only auxiliary), a common medial position is the position immediately between the operator and the lexical verb: E.g. Your (= S) boss would (= operator) really like (= V) the idea. It (= S) may (= operator) probably take (= V) a few more days. They (= S) are (= operator) still working (= V) on it.

c) Between two auxiliaries When there are two auxiliaries, the adverb comes between the

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two auxiliaries (that is, after the operator and before the second auxiliary): He (= S) could (= operator) certainly have explained (= V) all this before. They (= S) will (= operator) soon be starting (= V) a company of their own.

d) Before have to, etc. When the main verb follows have to or used to or ought to, you should use the adverb before them: You simply have to do it. He always used to laugh at her. Follow the same convention for ought to also: You really ought to try again. Note: Of course, you can use the adverb between ought and to also, but then you’d sound too formal.

e) After the verb Occasionally, the medial position is the position immediately after the lexical verb, but before the last obligatory element. E.g. He explained (= S) carefully everything that we had to do. Mind you, here’s something important you should note carefully: An adverb doesn’t normally allow itself to be placed between a verb and its object. No, it doesn’t. It normally occurs only in a position after the object or in a position before the verb. So this medial position (after the verb and before the object) is an exception. And note this: This exception happens only when the object is a long noun phrase. And the adverbs that go to this fifth medial position are generally manner adverbs. In fact, when the object is a phrase that is long, you can often shift it also to a position before the main verb: E.g. He carefully explained (= S) everything that we had to do. And here’s an interesting point about the medial position: When you use an adverb at a medial position, it tends to express a shade of modality (= the sense of certainty, possibility, probability, ability, permission, necessity, intention and obligation) and degree (the idea of greater or lesser intensity of an action than normal) — even if it’s an adverb of time, manner, time, etc. and so isn’t normally used to express modality or degree (but other relationships such as time, manner, etc.)

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As far as adverbs of time-frequency are concerned, most of them usually occur at the end-position. But most adverbs of indefinite timefrequency among them (that is, adverbs indicating usual occurrences) often go before the main verb, and so in the medial position. Here’s a list of the most useful adverbs of indefinite frequency: always, commonly, constantly, continually, continuously, customarily, (hardly/scarcely) ever, frequently, habitually, generally, incessantly, infrequently, irregularly, invariably, (very) little, never, normally, occasionally, often, ordinarily, periodically, permanently, perpetually, rarely, regularly, repeatedly, seldom, sometimes, usually. E.g. Public attitudes to marriage are constantly changing. The government won’t normally allow foreign journalists into that area. Some adverbs of indefinite time also often go there: afterwards, already, earlier, eventually, finally, first, formerly, immediately, initially, just, last, lately, later, momentarily, next, now, nowadays, often, once, originally, presently, previously, recently, seldom, shortly, since, soon, still, subsequently, then. E.g. They have finally announced the decision. She looked momentarily surprised. As far as adverbs of degree are concerned, most intensifier adverbs allow themselves to be used in this position (though, when you want to convey absolute intensity, you should use them in the end position). So do diminishing/downtoning adverbs. In fact, diminishing/downtoning adverbs show a distinct preference for this (medial) position. Adverbs of manner ending in -ly also go at the medial position (when modifying transitive verbs), though their most usual position is the end position. But adverbials of place (including direction) and adverbials of duration occur here only rarely. (Their usual position is the end position, and you’ll be able to use many of them even at the initial position. But normally, they don’t go to the medial position). Note: We’ll take up intensifiers, downtoners, adverbs of manner, etc. for a detailed discussion later. You’ll find examples of their use there.

Initial position This is the position that comes even before the Subject (and all other elements) in a clause. Syntactically, what an adverb does in this position

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is to head a clause. Now, as far as Adverbial adverbs are concerned, remember that this book concentrates on covering the role of adverbs in positions before after a verb, and not on the other roles of Adverbial adverbs, such as functioning as conjuncts (that is, as the logical connectors joining two clauses together). And the combination “adverb + verb” (or “verb + adverb”) does not often occur in this (initial) position — except as comment-clause ‘disjuncts’ like Generally speaking, Roughly speaking, Figuratively speaking, Frankly speaking, Strictly speaking, etc. E.g. Generally speaking, people in that country are very friendly. Typically, the Adverbials that tend to occur in the initial position are conjuncts and disjuncts. Generally speaking, other Adverbials (Adjuncts and subjuncts) tend to occur here only when the speaker/ writer wants to deliberately shift them from their more usual final or medial positions and to place them before all the elements in the clause — in order to draw the greatest possible attention to them (an amount of attention that even the medial position cannot get for them). For example, speakers/writers often use adverbs of time (including duration) in this position for emphasis or contrast (though the end position is the most usual position for adverbs of time and place). E.g. Often he’s the one to come late. Occasionally I do hear from them. Frequently that’s where they go. As far as adverbs of degree are concerned, they do not normally allow themselves to be used in this initial position. Adverbs of place and direction also do not occur often at the initial position.

Semantic Function Adverbs modifying adjectives In general, the adverbs that modify an adjective are usually adverbs of degree and, occasionally, adverbs of manner. When an adverb modifies an adjective, it fulfills one of four roles: (i) The adverb acts as an intensifier, scaling up the degree of intensity of the adjective; or. (ii) The adverb acts as an emphasizer, making the adjective sound more forceful than usual; or. (iii) The adverb acts as a downtoner, scaling down the degree of intensity of the adjective.

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(iv) The adverb acts as a viewpoint indicator. Note: The adverbs that, with adjectives, perform the first 3 functions are those that can, with verbs, function as adjunct adverbials (usually, adverbs of degree and, occasionally, adverbs of manner) and, with the whole clause, as disjunct adverbials. And the adverbs that, with adjectives, perform the last (fourth) function are those that can, with the whole clause, function as subjunct adverbials.

(i) As intensifiers As an intensifier, an adverb can scale up the degree of the intensity of the meaning of that adjective. Here are some of the adverbs that frequently do this: absolutely, absurdly, amazingly, awfully, completely, deeply, downright, entirely, extremely, fully, highly, irretrievably, perfectly, sharply, strikingly, terribly, too, totally, truly, unbelievably, unusually, wholly. E.g. terribly difficult, highly competitive, absolutely right, unusually quiet, wholly separate, perfectly clear. Here’s an interesting point: As far as adverbs of manner are concerned, they usually occur with verbs, and not with adjectives. But occasionally, they can also premodify an adjective. When they do so, they not only add some intensifying effect, but also indicate the manner of the underlying action, the means, etc.: (go) badly wrong, blissfully happy, peacefully asleep, quietly confident.

(ii) As emphasizers: An adverb can also add to the force (rather than to the degree) of the meaning of the adjective. E.g. • (Activities like these are) absolutely criminal. • completely contrary; an exceptionally musical (family); perfectly possible; truly American (fast food); remarkably complete; entirely correct; absolutely equal; really essential; absolutely ideal; utterly impossible; quite perfect; truly unique. The difference between intensifier adjectives and emphasizer adjectives, is simply this: Adjectives that get intensified (rather than emphasized) in this way are gradable adjectives. That is, they are adjectives with which comparison is possible (For example, great, good

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and active are gradable adjectives, and they have the comparative forms ‘greater’, ‘better’ and ‘more active’). And adjectives that get emphasized (rather than intensified) are non-gradable adjectives — that is, adjectives with which comparison is not normally possible. (For example, the words contrary, musical, unique, etc. are non-gradable adjectives. They have no comparative forms). But remember this: For all practical purposes, the effect of intensifying is similar to that of emphasizing, and so don’t let the thought about the difference between emphasizer adjectives and intensifier adjectives worry you. The only point you should be keep in mind is this: It’s best to avoid using the modifier words very and extremely before a non-gradable adjective. That is, unless there’s a particular reason, don’t say ‘very criminal’, ‘very contrary’, ‘very musical’, ‘very possible’, etc.

(iii) As downtoners Just as some adverbs can scale up the degree of the intensity of an adjective, some adverbs can also scale it down. Here are some of these downtoning adverbs: almost, barely, hardly, just, little, mildly, nearly, only, merely, partially, partly, practically, quite, rather, scarcely, simply, slightly, somewhat, sufficiently, virtually. E.g. almost clear, barely audible, fairly difficult, hardly surprising, kind of nasty, nearly ready, pretty clear, quite small, rather feeble, relatively easy, scarcely surprising, severely disabled, somewhat better, sort of virtually unknown.

(iv) As view point indicators Premodifying adverbs can indicate the point of view from which the meaning of an adjective is to be considered as true. Here are some examples, with adverbs shown in italics: artistically gifted, ecologically friendly, economically viable, ethically correct, financially secure, geographically remote (areas), militarily superior (country), morally wrong, politically sensitive, psychologically harmful, technically feasible, theoretically possible.

Adverbs functioning as Adverbials As I’ve already told you, according to their grammatical functions, we can divide adverbials into four categories: Adjuncts, Subjuncts, Conjuncts and Disjuncts.

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And as I’ve already told you, adjuncts and subjuncts are elements within the structure of a clause and they (especially, adjuncts) form part of it — much like the other elements of the clause (like the Verb element or the Subject element). But disjuncts and conjuncts are adverbial elements of a different type: They stand detached from (and not integrated within) the rest of the clause, and they have only a peripheral relation to it. But keep this in mind: This is not a water-tight or clear-cut division. I would like you to keep two points in mind: First, you’ll be able to use the same adverb to perform more than one of these four grammatical functions. For example, the adverbs flatly, frankly, crudely and roughly be used both as adjuncts and disjuncts. Second, sometimes, it would be difficult to say with certainty whether, in a particular context, an adverb is functioning as a disjunct or as an adjunct. For example, take the adverb really. It’s often difficult to say whether that word is used as a disjunct or an intensifier adjunct. Thus take the sentence, “He really tried hard to achieve the target.” Here, if the speaker has used the adverb really to mean “in reality”, it functions as a disjunct. On the other hand, if the speaker has used it to mean “to a great degree”, it’s an adjunct — an intensifier adjunct.

Adjuncts & Subjuncts Adverbs that modify verbs are adjuncts and subjuncts. According to their semantic function, adjuncts are conventionally divided (mainly) into time adverbs, place adverbs and process adverbs. (Process adverbs are adverbs of manner, means & instrument). Subjuncts are, for all practical purposes, degree adverbs. Time and place adverbs are the most common adverbs. Process adverbs come next (and out of process adverbs, manner adverbs are far more common than other process adverbs).

Time Adjuncts

(i) “Time-when” adverbs: Time-when (or time-position) adverbial adverbs (and of course, other adverbials like prepositional phrases) answer the questions “When?”, “Before when?” and “After when?” Here’s a list of the most useful timewhen adverbs: after, afterwards, again, before, earlier (on), early, eventually, finally, first, formerly, immediately, initially, instantly, last,

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late, lately, later (on), momentarily, next, now, nowadays, once, originally, previously, presently, recently, shortly, since, simultaneously, sometime, subsequently, presently, then, today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday. E.g. There was some delay, and the meeting eventually started at 4. The train finally arrived three hours late.

(ii) Duration adverbs: They generally answer the question “(For) how long?” Here’s list of the most useful duration adverbs: always, briefly, indefinitely, momentarily, lately, long, overnight, permanently, recently, temporarily. E.g. We’ve always been their well-wishers. He belonged briefly to an opposition party.

(iii) Time-frequency adverbial adverbs: They answer the question “How often?” Here’s list of the most useful time-frequency adverbs: always, annually, commonly, constantly, continually, continuously, customarily, daily, (hardly/scarcely) ever, fortnightly, frequently, generally, habitually, hourly, incessantly, infrequently, irregularly, intermittently, invariably, monthly, much, never, normally, occasionally, often, ordinarily, periodically, permanently, perpetually, quarterly, rarely, regularly, repeatedly, seldom, sometimes, sporadically, usually, weekly, yearly. E.g. The meetings are held weekly. He’s constantly complaining about something or other.

(iv) Relative time adverbs: These adverbials help you relate a period of time to another period of time or to an event. Here’s list of the most useful relative-time adverbs: afterwards, afresh, again, already, before, eventually, finally, first, later, next, originally, previously, simultaneously, still, subsequently, then, together, yet. E.g. We negotiated with them for a month and finally reached an agreement. The explosions happened simultaneously.

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Place adjuncts Keep in mind that place adjuncts are most often propositional phrases, and not adverbs. But there are also some adverbs that commonly function as place adjuncts. These place adverbs are of three types:

(i) Distance adverbs: Distance adverbials answer the question: “How far?” Here’s list of the most useful distance adverbs that function as distance adverbials: closer, deep (down), far (away) (from…), high (up), low (down), nearer. E.g. Move closer. The books were piled high in a corner.

(ii) Direction adverbs: Here’s list of the most useful direction adverbs: after, along, backward(s), before, downstairs, down, downhill, downward(s), east, eastward(s), forward(s), indoors, inwards, left, north, northward(s), onward, outward(s), past, right, sideways, skyward(s), south, southward(s), upstairs, up, upstream, upward(s), west, westward(s). E.g. Go downstairs. The car skidded sideways.

(iii) Position adverbs: Here’s list of the most useful position adverbs: abroad, ahead, alongside, anywhere, ashore, downhill, downstairs, downstream, east, eastward(s), elsewhere, everywhere, far, halfway, here, home, indoors, inside, locally, midway, near, nearby, north, northward(s), nowhere, offshore, opposite, outdoors, outside, overboard, overhead, overseas, somewhere, south, southward(s), there, underground, uphill, upstairs, upstream, west, westward(s), within. E.g. They live abroad. Wait downstairs. We got the work done locally.

(iv) Area adverbs: Here’s list of the most useful area adverbs:

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globally, internationally, locally, nationally, universally, widely, worldwide. E.g. They got the work done locally. This is something that happens worldwide everyday.

Process adjuncts They answer the question “In what way was the process (expressed by the Verb element) carried out?” Process adjuncts are mainly of two types: (i) Manner adverbs. (ii) Means (and instrument) adverbs.

(i) Manner adverbs: Most manner adverbs answer the question “In what way…?”, and some manner adverbs answer the question “Under what circumstances…?”. Some of them can also act as responses to the question “How…?”. Here’s list of the most useful manner adverbs: abruptly, accidentally, accurately, alone, angrily, animatedly, artificially, automatically, awkwardly, badly, beautifully, bodily, brightly, brilliantly, briskly, carefully, carelessly, casually, cheaply, clearly, cleverly, closely, clumsily, coldly, collectively, comfortably, commercially, consistently, considerately, conveniently, correctly, cowboy-style, dangerously, deliberately, delicately, differently, directly, discreetly, distinctly, dramatically, duly, easily, economically, effectively, efficiently, evenly, erratically, expertly, explicitly, faintly, faithfully, fervently, fiercely, finely, firmly, firstclass, fluently, foolishly, formally, frankly, freely, frugally, full-time, gently, gloomily, gracefully, hastily, heavily, honestly, hurriedly, illegally, immaturely, impolitely, inadvertantly, independently, indirectly, indiscriminately, individually, innocently, instinctively, intelligently, intently, involuntarily, jointly, knowingly, lavishly, legally, logically, loosely, loudly, manfully, mechanically, meticulously, naturally, neatly, nicely, noisily, noiselessly, nonchalantly, obviously, oddly, officially, openly, ostentatiously, otherwise, outrageously, overtly, part-time, patiently, peacefully, peculiarly, perfectly, personally, plainly, pleasantly, politely, politically, poorly, privately, professionally, properly, prudently, publicly, purposely, quickly, quietly, rapidly, raucously, readily, regardless, reluctantly, retail, richly, rigidly, roughly, rudely, ruthlessly, scientifically, secretly, securely, sensibly, seriously, shabbily, sharply, silently, simply, sloppily, smoothly, softly, solidly, solo, specially, specifically, splendidly, spontaneously, steadily,

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steeply, stiffly, strangely, studiously, stupidly, subtly, superbly, surreptitiously, swiftly, symbolically, systematically, tactfully, tactlessly, tenderly, thickly, thinly, thoroughly, thoughtfully, tightly, truthfully, typically, unceremoniously, uncomfortably, unwittingly, urgently, vaguely, vigorously, violently, vividly, voluntarily, warmly, wholesale, widely, willingly, wisely, wonderfully. E.g. They talked loudly. You must heat the oil thoroughly. The system works perfectly now. The traffic moved slowly.

(ii) Means (and instrument) adverbs: Typically, the adverbials of means and instrument are prepositional phrases. Adverbs of means and instrument are not very common: E.g. They got the tumor removed surgically. The blood samples were examined microscopically. These instruments have to be tested electronically.

Degree subjuncts Degree adverbials answer the questions “To what extent?” and “To what degree?”. We can group them into three broad categories:

(a) Intensifiers: Many degree adverbs scale up the effect of the verb’s meaning. Here’s list of the most useful intensifier adverbs: absolutely, altogether, badly, bitterly, completely, deeply, enormously, entirely, extremely, far, fully, greatly, heartily, highly, increasingly, intensely, much, perfectly, quite, severely, strongly, sufficiently, terribly, thoroughly, totally, utterly, violently, well. Their most usual position is the medial position before the main verb, but when you want to express the absolute upper extreme of the verb’s meaning, you should use them in the end-position. E.g. Don’t completely rely on them. Everybody would benefit greatly from this plan. They protested strongly.

(b) Diminishers: Downtoning/softening adverbial adverbs Many degree adverbs scale down the effect of the verb’s meaning.

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Here’s list of the most useful diminisher adverbs: almost, barely, hardly, just, little, mildly, nearly, only, merely, partially, partly, practically, quite, rather, scarcely, simply, slightly, somewhat, sufficiently, virtually. Diminishers favour the medial position (before the main verb): E.g. In a few seconds, the car virtually disappeared. He had a fall, and he could scarcely walk. I could hardly breathe.

Modality subjuncts They denote degrees of certainty, possibility, probability, ability, permission, necessity, intention and obligation. They do this by adding to the truth value (or force) of a proposition — or by taking away from it. These adverbs are also called emphasizers (as opposed to intensifiers whose role is to scale up or down the degree, rather than the truth value or force). Here’s list of the most useful of modality adverbs: actually, apparently, certainly, clearly, definitely, fairly, frankly, honestly, indeed, just, literally, obviously, plainly, positively, presumably, simply, plainly, really, surely, truly, undoubtedly. Their most usual position is before the main verb (that is, the medial position). E.g. I still couldn’t actually see them. Most of them apparently come from abroad. They’ll certainly try and help us.

Focusing subjuncts You can use some adverbs to spotlight a particular part of the proposition in a clause. Some adverbs (like equally) do this by indicating that what is said in the part spotlighted by them is also true — just as something else is (which may be expressed in words or implied). Some adverbs (like mainly) do this by indicating that what is said in the clause is restricted (mainly or exclusively) to the part spotlighted by them. Here’s list of the most useful focusing adverbs: • again, also, both, either, equally, even, further, likewise, neither, nor, similarly, too, yet. • alone, chiefly, especially, exactly, exclusively, just, largely, mainly, merely, mostly, notably, only, particularly, precisely, predominantly, primarily, principally, purely, simply, solely, specially, specifically.

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E.g. What you do is important, but success depends equally on how you do it. They met mainly to discuss this project.

Disjuncts and conjuncts We saw that the overriding function of adjuncts and subjuncts was to add circumstantial details to the proposition in a clause. But that is not the primary function of disjuncts – or of conjuncts. Their primary function is quite different. Let’s take a look at these functions.

Disjuncts Disjuncts are comment adverbials. They perform one of the following primary functions: (i) Some disjuncts help speakers to express what they personally think about — (a) the degree to which they’re convinced about the truth of the proposition in the clause;. (b) the degree of doubt they may have about the proposition in the clause; or. (c) a value judgement about the proposition in the clause (that is, their attitude towards it). (ii) Some disjuncts help speakers to express the style or form of their utterance — for example, whether they’re saying what they’re saying frankly, figuratively, technically, etc. or whether what they’re saying is to be understood figuratively, metaphorically, etc. Disjuncts of both types also have a secondary function: Like conjuncts, they too can signal a connection between a clause or group of clauses that went before and the clause that follows, that is, the clause to which they’re tagged. An important point you should understand about disjuncts is this: While adjuncts are sometimes syntactically obligatory, disjuncts are never obligatory, but are always optional. They’re much less common than adjuncts, but speakers find them very useful in spontaneous speech, because wherever the verbal context permits, they can use disjuncts as fillers or placeholders — optional things or non-essential things that they can say while thinking about what to say next. Of course, optional adjuncts, subjuncts and conjuncts also help speakers in this way, but disjuncts are vocabulary items made to order for this purpose.

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The most usual position for most disjuncts is the medial position. In fact, for some of them, medial position is syntactically the most normal position. But most disjuncts can also occur in the end position, especially in conversational speech. Most of them also occur in the initial position, especially in content-intensive speech and writing, and when they occur in the initial position, they function not only as disjuncts, but also as conjuncts.

Content disjunct: Here’s a collection of some of the most useful disjuncts that can express the speaker’s comment on the truth value of the content of the proposition in the clause or on his attitude towards that proposition: • actually, admittedly, allegedly, amazingly (enough), amusingly, annoyingly, apparently, appropriately, arguably, artfully, astonishingly (enough), basically, bizarrely (enough), certainly, clearly, cleverly, conceivably, conveniently, correctly, cunningly, curiously (enough), definitely, delightfully, disappointingly, disturbingly, doubtless, eerily (enough), essentially, evidently, foolishly, formally, fortunately, funnily (enough), happily, hopefully, hypothetically, ideally, incorrectly, incredibly (enough), indeed, inevitably, interestingly, ironically, justly, luckily, maybe (informal), mercifully, most likely, naturally, nominally, not surprisingly, not unnaturally, obviously, oddly (enough), officially, only apparently, ostensibly, outwardly, perhaps, plainly, pleasingly, possibly, predictably, preferably, presumably, probably, prudently, quite likely, luckily, really, reasonably, refreshingly, regrettably, remarkably (enough), reportedly, rightly, sadly, sensibly, shrewdly, significantly, strangely (enough), superficially, supposedly, surely, surprisingly, suspiciously (enough), technically, thankfully, theoretically, tragically, undeniably, understandably, undoubtedly, unexpectedly (enough), unfortunately, unhappily, unjustly, unluckily, unquestionably, unreasonably, unusually, unwisely, very likely, wisely, wrongly. E.g. They’re obviously planning to carry out the project. They can’t possibly mean that. Fortunately, no one was hurt or killed (in the accident). Apparently, they were trying to blackmail her.

Style disjuncts: Here’s a collection of some of the most useful disjuncts that can express the speaker’s comment on the style of his utterance:

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• approximately, bluntly, briefly, broadly, candidly, confidentially, crudely, figuratively, flatly, (quite) frankly, generally, honestly, literally, metaphorically, personally, privately, roughly, seriously, simply, strictly, truly, truthfully. • figuratively speaking. E.g. Personally, I’m not in favour of this proposal. Honestly, I don’t believe he’s telling the truth. Note: Here’s an interesting point: Most style disjunct adverbs can also function as manner adverbs.

Conjuncts Conjuncts are linking adverbials. That is, they connect the clause (or a part of it) to another clause or sequence of clauses and they perform this function by making the logical relationship between the linked units explicit. Here’s a collection of some of the most useful of conjunct adverbs: • accordingly, (or) again, also, alternatively, altogether, anyhow (informal), anyway(s) (informal), (and/but) besides, better, consequently, (or) else, equally, eventually, finally, first(ly), however, incidentally, instead, last(ly), likewise, meantime, meanwhile, moreover, more accurately, more precisely, (and/but) nevertheless, next, now, only (informal), originally, otherwise, overall, rather, second(ly), similarly, (and) so, (and/but) still, subsequently, (and/but) then (again), (but) then, then, therefore, third(ly), (but) though, thus, worse, (and/but) yet. E.g. They’re making good progress. However, they may not be able to complete the project by the month-end. The committee didn’t support my proposal. So I decided to resign. No tea left? Then I’ll have coffee. He hadn’t really got the time. Nevertheless, he offered to help. Conjuncts are quite common in content-intensive speech and writing — especially in the kind of English used for presenting, supporting and developing arguments. Some of the conjuncts (anyway, so, then, though, nevertheless, however, etc.) are used quite frequently in conversational speech also. The most usual position for most conjuncts is the initial position. In fact, some of them tend to occur only in the initial position. Here are the most common among them: • again, besides, else, hence, so, still, yet…..

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But several of them can occur at the medial position also, especially in content-intensive writing. Here are the most common among them: • however, nevertheless, nonetheless, therefore, thus. And a few conjuncts can also occur at the end position, especially in conversational speech: • anyhow, anyway, then, though.

Now for the thesaurus proper By now, this study must have given you a good understanding of what an adverb is and what its various functions are. Of course, it would be difficult to gain a thorough understanding of everything I’ve said by reading through this material just once — unless you already have a reasonably good knowledge about adverbs. So it is important that you go through this study a few more times, but you need to do this only as and when you feel the need to work on improving your understanding of adverbs — and not at once. And it is enough if your aim is just to get a basic grounding in adverbs, and not to achieve specialist knowledge (though I’ve dealt with adverbs in great detail, so that this study can lead you to specialist knowledge, too). Pay particular attention to what I’ve said about the position of adverbs. And study all the examples I’ve given. Recall what I said earlier: To achieve fluency, you don’t need a thorough theoretical understanding of every minor detail about adverbs (or about any of the other parts of speech, for that matter). What you should aim for is practical mastery. Yes, a fluent command. That is why the focus of your vocabulary-learning effort must not be individual words, but clusters of words. Yes, clusters — like the adverb + verb clusters and adverb + adjective clusters this book concentrates on. Remember this: When you master a cluster of words, you automatically master the grammar and usage of the words that make up that cluster, because every cluster is a group of words that have combined according to the grammar and usage governing them. But if you’re a person with an academic bent, and if you’re interested in gaining expert knowledge, let that be your aim, by all means. That would certainly be worth your while. That’s why I’ve presented this topic in such a detailed way. Let’s go to the thesaurus proper now. Every day, look up a few adverb-headwords. Browse through the verbs and adjectives listed under each adverb. Each adverb, together

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with the verbs and adjectives listed under it, would then build up a network of associations in your mind. This process will help you achieve a good practical command not only of those adverbs, but also of those verbs and adjectives. Remember this: The most effective way of mastering adverbs is through the verbs and adjectives they tend to occur with. And a brilliantly effective way of achieving fluency in descriptive English is to achieve a practical command of adverb+verb and adverb+adjective combinations.

***

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A

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absolutely -AAA

ably -D VERBS: drive, perform your duties, negotiate, support, use sth.

abnormally -D ADJECTIVES: high, large, low.

aboard -C VERBS: climb, come, welcome.

abominably -D VERBS: behave, treat.

abroad -A VERBS: flee, go, invest, live, locate, move, post, sell, send, smuggle, transfer, travel, venture, work.

abruptly -D VERBS: break, cease, curtail, cut, end, gesture, halt, interrupt, nod, reply, say, shatter, silence, stop, terminate, vanish, withdraw.

absently -D VERBS: gaze, nod, reply, say, speak, stare, stroke.

absent-mindedly -D VERBS: flick, leave sth.

absolutely -AAA VERBS: adore, agree, decline, dread, exhaust, feel, forbid, grease, guarantee, hate, insist, look, make, oppose, refuse, seem, stun. ADJECTIVES: absurd, amazed, amazing, appalling, assured, astonished, astonishing, awful, beautiful, binding, bonkers, breathtaking, brilliant, calm, catastrophic, central, certain, chaotic, charming, clear, committed, conclusive, confident, confidential,

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academically -D

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consistent, constant, convinced, correct, covered, crazy, critical, crucial, decisive, dedicated, delicious, delighted, delightful, dependable, dependent, desperate, despicable, determined, devoted, disastrous, disgraceful, disgusted, disgusting, distraught, dreadful, ecstatic, equal, essential, even, excellent, exhausted, explicit, extraordinary, fair, faithful, false, fantastic, fascinating, fatal, fearless, fed up, filthy, flat, foolproof, frank, frantic, free, freezing, full, fundamental, furious, futile, genuine, gorgeous, great, harmless, helpless, honest, hopeless, horrible, horrific, huge, ideal, identical, illegal, illegitimate, immaculate, imperative, impersonal, impossible, incapable, incredible, indispensable, inevitable, inseparable, insoluble, intolerable, invaluable, irreconcilable, laden, lethal, level, logical, mad, magnificent, marvellous, meaningless, motionless, necessary, negligible, open, opposed, outrageous, outstanding, perfect, phenomenal, plain, pointless, positive, privileged, quiet, reliable, ridiculous, right, rigid, sacred, safe, satisfied, scarlet (with embarrassment), secret, secure, separate, shattered, sick, silent, soaked, solid, sound, spectacular, splendid, square, staggered, staggering, steady, still, straight, straightforward, stunned, stunning, superb, sure, terrible, terrified, thrilled, trivial, true, truthful, typical, unavoidable, unbearable, unheard-of, united, unknown, unthinkable, useless, valid, vital, wonderful.

academically -D VERBS: succeed. ADJECTIVES: challenging, gifted, inclined, orientated, respectable, successful.

accidentally -C VERBS: brush, bump, delete, drop, hit, injure, kill, knock, omit, overhear, release, shoot, spill, stray, stumble, swallow, touch.

accordingly -CC VERBS: act, adapt, adjust, behave, construe, judge, modify, plan, price, punish, react, respond, suffer, tailor, treat, vary.

accurately -D VERBS: align, assess, calculate, complete, convey, date, define, describe, detect, draw, estimate, forecast, gauge, identify, locate,

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admirably -D

measure, mimic, navigate, plot, portray, predict, quote, record, reflect, represent, reproduce, term, translate.

achingly -D ADJECTIVES: beautiful, funny.

actively -D VERBS: assist, campaign, collaborate, contribute, cultivate, discourage, dislike, employ, encourage, engage, influence, intervene, investigate, involve, lobby, manage, market, mislead, oppose, participate, promote, pursue, recruit, search, seek, shape, solicit, support, trade, transmit, try. ADJECTIVES: committed, engaged, hostile, interested, involved, opposed, venomous.

actually -AAA VERBS: do, entail, exist, experience, function, get, go, happen, imagine, implement, make, mean, observe, see, use, want, work.

acutely -D ADJECTIVES: aware, conscious, depressed, disturbed, embarrassed, embarrassing, ill, inflamed, observant, painful, self-conscious, sensitive, uncomfortable, vulnerable.

adamantly -D VERBS: oppose, refuse. ADJECTIVES: opposed

adequately -D VERBS: address, compensate, consult, convey, cope, define, demonstrate, describe, equip, explain, fulfil, function, fund, heated, house, implement, perform, prepare, protect, reflect, represent, resolve, respond, reward, safeguard, solve, staff, supervise, supply, test, understand, ventilate. ADJECTIVES: furnished, heated, informed, insured, trained.

admirably -D VERBS: cope, fulfil, illustrate, succeed, suit.

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admiringly -D

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ADJECTIVES: suited.

admiringly -D VERBS: gaze, glance, look.

admittedly -C ADJECTIVES: modest, ordinary, small.

adversely -D VERBS: affect, comment, influence, react, respond.

aesthetically -D ADJECTIVES: appealing, pleasing, satisfying

affectionately -D VERBS: hug, kiss, known as, pat, smile.

afterwards -A VERBS: eat, happen, leave, say, see.

(all over) again VERBS: begin, do, repeat, say, start, try.

aggressively -D VERBS: act, approach, behave, campaign, demand, expand, market, play, promote, pursue, question, react, respond. ADJECTIVES: masculine, secular.

agreeably -D ADJECTIVES: disposed, surprised.

aimlessly -D VERBS: drift, search, walk, wander.

alarmingly -D VERBS: increase, sway.

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amazingly -D

ADJECTIVES: complacent.

alike -CC VERBS: be dressed, look, think.

allegedly -C VERBS: attack, commit, confess, fail, involve, make, mislead, murder, occur, plot, rape, run, steal, take, threaten, try, use. ADJECTIVES: harmful, illegal, obscene.

alphabetically -D VERBS: arrange, file, index, order.

aloud -C VERBS: cry, gasp, groan, laugh, read, say, scream, shout, shriek, sob, speak, think, wonder.

already -AAA VERBS: begin, cite, exist, know, make, mention, note, see, start. ADJECTIVES: balding, evident, familiar.

altogether -A VERBS: abandon, abolish, avoid, cease, disappear, drop, eliminate, evade, exclude, ignore, omit, remove, rule, stop, vanish, withdraw. ADJECTIVES: charming, exceptional, extraordinary, innocent, invisible, lacking, superior, typical, unaffected.

always -AAA VERBS: check, dread, dream, envisage, hanker, harp, hate, imagine, insist, like, long, prevail, refer, remember, remind, strive, suspect, want. ADJECTIVES: advisable, alert, amazed, courteous, fatal, grateful, helpful, hungry, interested, interesting, keen, pleased, popular, ready.

amazingly -D ADJECTIVES: accurate, brave, cheap, cheerful, expensive, fast,

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amiably -D

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generous, good, happy, intricate, quick, spry, versatile.

amiably -D VERBS: ask, chat, grin, nod, speak.

amicably -D VERBS: chat, live, resolve, settle.

amply -D VERBS: compensate, demonstrate, fulfil, illustrate, justify, repay, reward, supply. ADJECTIVES: illustrated, justified

anatomically -D ADJECTIVES: correct, distinct.

angrily -D VERBS: accuse, blush, cry, demand, denounce, deny, exclaim, flash, flush, glare, glint, greet, growl, hiss, laugh, mutter, react, reply, respond, retort, say, shout, snap, snort, stride, throb, throw, whisper.

annually -D VERBS: elect, grow, hold, increase, pay, renew, report, review, update.

anonymously -D VERBS: make a donation, publish, write.

anxiously -D VERBS: ask, await, enquire, glance, hover, listen, look, pace, peer, scan, wait, watch.

apologetically -D VERBS: cough, grin, murmur, say, shrug, smile.

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approximately -B

apparently -AA VERBS: conflict, disappear, exclude, ignore, lack, prefer, recover, restrict, rule, succeed, transform. ADJECTIVES: arbitrary, calm, casual, content, contradictory, convinced, deserted, diverse, effortless, empty, endless, engrossed, excellent, fruitless, futile, genuine, haphazard, harmless, healthy, helpless, homogeneous, hopeless, hostile, identical, illogical, impervious, impossible, incompatible, inconclusive, inconsistent, indifferent, ineffective, inevitable, inexhaustible, inexplicable, infinite, innocent, innocuous, insignificant, insoluble, insurmountable, intact, intent, interested, invincible, irrational, irreconcilable, irrelevant, isolated, lacking, legitimate, lifeless, limited, meaningless, minor, miraculous, modest, motionless, mundane, negative, neutral, objective, oblivious, obvious, overwhelming, permanent, pleased, pointless, positive, radical, random, rational, ready, reasonable, related, relaxed, relevant, reluctant, respectable, restricted, satisfactory, satisfied, secure, sensible, separate, solid, spontaneous, stable, straightforward, trivial, unable, unaffected, unaware, unconcerned, uncontrollable, uninterested, unique, universal, unknown, unlikely, unlimited, unmoved, unreasonable, unscathed.

appreciatively -D VERBS: clap, murmur, nod, sip, smile, sniff.

apprehensively -D VERBS: ask, look, wonder.

appropriately -D VERBS: act, behave, dress, modify, name, react, respond. ADJECTIVES: clad, dressed, punish, qualified, trained.

approvingly -D VERBS: glance, laugh, nod, note, quote, smile.

approximately -B VERBS: correspond, double, halve. ADJECTIVES: equal, equivalent, level.

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aptly -D

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aptly -D VERBS: describe, call, illustrate, name, sum, summarize, term, title. ADJECTIVES: described, called, named, titled.

archly -D VERBS: look, say, smile.

artificially -D VERBS: add, exaggerate, grow, impose, laugh, light, prolong, smile, sweeten. ADJECTIVES: contrived, impose, inflated.

artistically -D ADJECTIVES: arranged, created, expressed, inclined, skilled, presented, talented.

ashore -C VERBS: bring, come, get, go, swim, wade, wash.

assiduously VERBS: court, cultivate, ignore.

astonishingly -D VERBS: do well. ADJECTIVES: beautiful. expensive, fast, good, successful.

attractively -D VERBS: dress, illustrate, present, price, site. ADJECTIVES: decorated, furnished, marked, patterned.

automatically -BBB VERBS: adjust, assume, award, become, cease, come, create, debit, deduct, delete, exclude, focus, follow, gain, generate, guarantee, imply, lead, mean, monitor, number, obey, open, perform, presume, process, qualify, react, receive, record, register, reject, renew,

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awkwardly -D

respond, rule, say, secure, select, start, switch, terminate, transfer, translate, transmit, turn, update. ADJECTIVES: entitled, exempt.

avidly -D VERBS: await, collect, listen, read, seek, support. ADJECTIVES: interested.

awfully -C VERBS: look, seem, sound. ADJECTIVES: boring, busy, careful, clever, glad, good, hard, keen, long, nice, pleased, sorry, sweet, tired.

awkwardly -D VERBS: explain, fall, land, park, pause, respond, say, scramble, shuffle, smile, stand. ADJECTIVES: shaped.

***

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back and forth

B

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back and forth VERBS: pace, rock, sway, swing, travel.

backwards -BB VERBS: drag, fall, go, jerk, lean, look, lurch, move, rock, run, slide, stagger, step, stumble, sway, tilt, topple, tumble, walk, work.

backwards and forwards VERBS: rock, swing.

badly -A VERBS: ache, act, advise, affect, afflict, assault, assemble, backfire, bang, beat, behave, bite, bleed, blister, bring, bruise, burn, burned, chip, crack, crease, crush, cut, damage, dent, design, deteriorate, disfigure, disrupt, draft, draw, dress, equip, erode, fare, feel, fit, go, graze, hamper, handle, heated, hit, house, hurt, injure, knot, land, leak, leg, let, light, limp, manage, mark, maul, miscalculate, misfire, misjudge, mismanage, misunderstand, mutilate, need, organize, paint, park, pay, pinch, play, polluted, prepare, print, put, react, receive, run, rust, scar, scratch, shake, sing, site, sleep, slump, start, structure, struggle, suffer, swell, take, tarnish, tear, time, torture, trail, treat, tremble, type, underestimate, upset, ventilate, want, wear, weather, work, wound, wounded, write. ADJECTIVES: battered, bogged down, broken, charred, decayed, disabled, disadvantaged, educated, flawed, handicapped, heated, hurt, infected, infested, informed, injured, insulated, mistaken, neglected, organized, overdrawn, paid, shaken, shocked, swollen, trained, upset, wrong.

bang ADJECTIVES: up-to-date.

barefoot -D VERBS: dance, pad, stand, walk.

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beyond doubt

barely -BBB VERBS: affect, afford, begin, breathe, conceal, contain, cover, exist, get, glance, hear, keep, know, look, make, mask, mention, move, notice, pause, reach, recognize, register, remember, repress, restrain, see, seem, skim, sleep, slow, spare, speak, stand, start, stir, summon, survive, tolerate, touch, understand. ADJECTIVES: able, adequate, alive, audible, aware, capable, comprehensible, conscious, credible, discernible, distinguishable, dry, feasible, furnished, habitable, imaginable, intelligible, legible, literate, noticeable, perceptible, plausible, profitable, recognizable, relevant, submerged, sufficient, tolerable, visible.

basically -BBB VERBS: mean, tell. ADJECTIVES: conservative, correct, dishonest, egalitarian, evil, factual, furnished, good, healthy, honest, hostile, identical, incompatible, insecure, intact, neutral, optimistic, same, selfish, similar, sound, unchanged, unstable.

beautifully -D VERBS: behave, decorate, drape, draw, dress, embroider, execute, heal, illustrate, iron, judge, mount, paint, print, restore, sing, site, structure, time, write. ADJECTIVES: balanced, carved, coloured, cool, decorated, elegant, furnished, groomed, light, marked, mellow, patterned, polished, rounded, scented, shaped, situated, smooth, soft, tailored, tender, warm.

beforehand -C VERBS: know, tell.

belatedly -D VERBS: acknowledge, apologize, attempt, realize, recognize, remember.

beyond doubt VERBS: demonstrate, establish, prove.

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bitterly -C

56

bitterly -C VERBS: add, attack, comment, complain, contest, criticize, cry, denounce, disappoint, divide, fight, laugh, mind, mock, mutter, oppose, protest, quarrel, reflect, regret, regretted, repent, reply, resent, retort, say, think, twist, weep, whisper. ADJECTIVES: angry, ashamed, cold, critical, disappointed, disappointing, hostile, hurt, jealous, opposed, resentful, upset.

blandly -D VERBS: comment, repeat, state.

blankly -D VERBS: deny, gaze, look, refuse, stare.

blatantly -D VERBS: abuse, attempt, contravene, disregard, ignore. ADJECTIVES: clear, erotic, false, obvious, unfair.

bleakly -D VERBS: lit (lighted), reply, say, stare, wonder.

blind VERBS: rob sb, swear. ADJECTIVES: drunk.

blindingly -D ADJECTIVES: fast, obvious.

blindly -D VERBS: fire, follow, fumble, grope, obey, press, push, run, stagger, stare. ADJECTIVES: loyal.

bloody ADJECTIVES: awful, brilliant, daft, dangerous, embarrassing, freezing, funny, horrible, hot, impossible, marvellous, miserable, ridiculous, silly, useless.

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57

brightly -D

bluntly -D VERBS: ask, inform, put, reply, say, speak, state, tell, warn.

boiling ADJECTIVES: hot.

boldly -D VERBS: assert, climb, declare, execute, march, press, publish, speak, step, suggest. ADJECTIVES: coloured, patterned.

bone -D ADJECTIVES: dry, idle, tired.

brand ADJECTIVES: new.

bravely -D VERBS: act, attempt, battle, decide, face, fight, smile, speak.

breathlessly -D VERBS: anticipate, excited, explain, gasp, pant, say, wait.

briefly -BB VERBS: appear, chat, consider, describe, detain, discuss, entertain, examine, explain, explore, expose, flare, flash, flicker, glance, halt, hesitate, hold, illuminate, imprison, kiss, laugh, light, look, meet, mention, nod, outline, pause, refer, reply, return, review, shine, smile, speak, state, stop, stun, summarize, touch, turn, wonder, work. ADJECTIVES: shocked, stunned.

brightly -D VERBS: burn, declare, glitter, illuminate, light, paint, reply, say, shine, smile. ADJECTIVES: coloured, marked, patterned, polished.

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brilliantly -D

58

brilliantly -D VERBS: act, capture, conceive, do sth, engineer, execute, light, perform, play, sail, save, shine, ski, smile, succeed. ADJECTIVES: coloured, effective, funny, imaginative, inventive, patterned.

briskly -D VERBS: march, nod, reply, rub, say, step, stride, trot, walk. ADJECTIVES: businesslike, efficient.

broadly -BB VERBS: accept, agree, base, beam, conceive, correspond, define, divide, endorse, follow, grin, interfere, mirror, smile, speak, support, term, welcome, wink, word. ADJECTIVES: accurate, analogous, based, chronological, comparable, consistent, contemporary, correct, educated, equivalent, favourable, liberal, neutral, positive, proportional, related, representative, same, satisfactory, similar, speaking, stable, supportive, symmetrical, sympathetic.

brutally -D VERBS: assault, attack, beat, illustrate, interrupt, murder, rape, shatter, slaughter, suppress, torture, violate. ADJECTIVES: frank, honest, oppressive.

busily -D VERBS: employ, engage, feed, prepare, sort, work, write. ADJECTIVES: engaged, occupied.

***

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C

59

casually -BBB

calmly -D VERBS: act, answer, gaze, monitor, reply, say, speak, walk. ADJECTIVES: confident, optimistic.

carefully -D VERBS: adjust, analyze, arrange, articulate, assemble, avoid, balance, budget, calculate, carry, check, choose, clean, close, conceal, conceive, consider, control, coordinate, copy, cultivate, define, design, distinguish, draft, draw, dress, drive, dry, ease, edge, engineer, evade, evaluate, examine, excavate, explain, explore, eye, feel your way, file, fold, follow, formulate, foster, gather, gauge, grade, guard, guide, handle, ignore, insert, inspect, instruct, invest, investigate, iron, judge, label, lay, leak, lift, listen, lock, look, manoeuvre, mark, match, measure, monitor, mount, negotiate, note, observe, open, organize, pack, paint, park, phrase, pick, pin, place, plan, plant, ponder, position, pour, prepare, preserve, proceed, protect, push, read, reach, record, refrain, regulate, rehearse, remove, replace, research, restore, reverse, review, say, scan, scrape, screen, scrutinize, seal, search, select, separate, sew, shield, sift, sit down, site, smooth, sniff, specify, spread, stack, stage, step, stir, store, stow, structure, study, supervise, survey, synchronize, tailor, target, tend, think, tie, time, trace, transfer, tread, trim, touch, tread, tuck, use, vet, wash, watch, weigh, wind, wipe, word, wrap. ADJECTIVES: balanced, casual, contrived, crafted, cultivated, neutral, planned, organized.

carelessly -D VERBS: drive, drop, gesture, handle, laugh, shrug, sling, talk, toss, work.

casually -BBB VERBS: ask, chat, drape, dress, enquire, flick, lean, mention, remark, rest, saunter, say, sling, stroll, talk, throw, toss. ADJECTIVES: elegant, related.

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categorically -D

60

categorically -D VERBS: deny, oppose, refuse, reject, rule, state. ADJECTIVES: opposed.

cautiously -D VERBS: advance, approach, criticize, drive, edge, eye, interfere, peep, peer, proceed, react, reply, respond, venture, view, walk, welcome, word. ADJECTIVES: confident, optimistic.

centrally -D VERBS: administer, control, fund, heated, impose, locate, organize, place, plan, position. ADJECTIVES: concerned, heated, important, organized, situated.

certainly -AA VERBS: deserve, gain, help, lead, look, merit, need, prefer, recommend, seem. ADJECTIVES: false, guilty, possible, true.

charmingly -D VERBS: behave, smile. ADJECTIVES: decorated, furnished.

cheerfully -D VERBS: beam, call, greet, grin, ignore, laugh, nod, punch, remark, reply, say, sing, smile, wave, whistle. ADJECTIVES: decorated, furnished, informal, optimistic.

chemically -D VERBS: analyze, change, compose, modify, process, treat. ADJECTIVES: identical, inert.

chiefly -C VERBS: associate, concern, consist.

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clearly -AA

61 ADJECTIVES: responsible.

composed,

concerned,

interested,

occupied,

chronically -D ADJECTIVES: deaf, disabled, ill, infected, inflamed, lie, shy, sick, smoke.

chronologically -D VERBS: arrange, describe, display, list, order.

classically -D ADJECTIVES: beautiful, -cut, handsome, -trained.

clean VERBS: burn, come, forget, lift.

cleanly -D VERBS: burn, conduct, cut, execute, snap.

clear -A VERBS: drive, leap.

clearly -AA VERBS: acknowledge, admire, adore, affect, aim, articulate, communicate, contradict, contravene, convey, define, demonstrate, derive, designate, despise, differ, differentiate, direct, discern, dislike, display, distinguish, divide, draw, echo, emerge, establish, evoke, exceed, exclude, exemplify, explain, expose, express, focus, foresee, formulate, gain, gear, hear, highlight, identify, illuminate, illustrate, imagine, imply, incorporate, indicate, influence, intend, interfere, label, lack, link, mark, merit, need, number, outline, overlap, perceive, point, portray, prefer, present, print, pronounce, recall, recognize, reflect, relish, remember, see, sense, separate, show, signal, speak, specify, spell, state, structure, think, underline, understand, warn, write. ADJECTIVES: absurd, amused, annoyed, apparent, audible, baffled, beneficial, capable, conscious, contrary, convinced, correct, crucial, defined, delighted, desirable, determined, disappointed, discernible,

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cleverly -D

62

distinct, distinguishable, embarrassed, evident, false, guilty, happy, impossible, impressed, inadequate, inappropriate, incapable, incompatible, inconsistent, incorrect, indicative, insufficient, intent, interested, justified, lacking, legible, nervous, oblivious, perceptible, pleased, puzzled, readable, ready, recognizable, related, relevant, relieved, reluctant, sensible, shaken, silhouetted, superior, surprised, terrified, uncomfortable, undesirable, unhappy, upset, visible.

cleverly -D VERBS: conceal, design, disguise, exploit, handle, market, put, trick. ADJECTIVES: contrived.

clinically -D ADJECTIVES: dead, depressed, insane, proven, tested, trained.

clumsily -D VERBS: attempt, knot, try, use.

close -A VERBS: cling, come, draw, feel, get, hug, keep, lean, lie, live, press, remain, run, snuggle, stand, stay, step, stick.

closely -AA VERBS: adhere, align, ally, approach, associate, base, cling, cluster, coincide, collaborate, connect, consult, control, cooperate, correlate, correspond, crop, define, examine, focus, follow, group, guard, hold, identify, inspect, integrate, interact, investigate, involve, knit, liaison, link, listen, look, match, mimic, mirror, model, monitor, observe, peer, press, question, reflect, regulate, relate, resemble, scrutinize, simulate, space, stick, study, supervise, tie, watch, work. ADJECTIVES: acquainted, akin, allied, analogous, balanced, bound, comparable, concerned, covered, dependent, equivalent, informed, interrelated, involved, related, reminiscent, united.

coarsely -D VERBS: grate, grind, speak.

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63

comparatively -C

coherently -D VERBS: argue, explain, speak, think.

coldly -D VERBS: answer, demand, enquire, eye, glitter, ignore, inform, look, observe, reply, respond, say, smile, speak, stare, survey. ADJECTIVES: angry, beautiful, calculating, disapproving, dismissive, furious, impersonal, indifferent.

collectively -C VERBS: act, bargain, call, decide, know, known as, work. ADJECTIVES: accountable, answerable, responsible.

comfortably -D VERBS: accommodate, beat, exceed, fit, lead, live, nestle, rest, seat, settle, sit, surpass, win, work. ADJECTIVES: baggy, furnished, settled, warm.

commercially -D VERBS: breed, develop, exploit, operate, produce, use. ADJECTIVES: acceptable, available, -confidential, -farmed, justifiable, obtainable, produced, sensitive, sound, successful, valuable, viable.

commonly -B VERBS: accept, associate, believe, call, cite, employ, encounter, find, hold, know, known as, mention, occur, refer, referred, regard, report, see, suppose, term, think, use. ADJECTIVES: available, known, used.

comparatively -C VERBS: speak. ADJECTIVES: brief, cheap, easy, expensive, fortunate, harmless, high, inexpensive, infrequent, insignificant, large, late, liberal, light, limited, little, low, mild, minor, modest, narrow, neglected, new, painless, peaceful, poor, powerless, quiet, rare, recent, remote, safe,

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competently -D

64

shallow, short, simple, slight, slow, small, stable, straightforward, tiny, trivial, unaffected, unaware, unknown, weak, wealthy, young.

competently -D VERBS: act, do sth, govern, handle, manage, perform, work.

completely -AA VERBS: abandon, abolish, absorb, agree, become, block, break, burn, bury, cease, change, clear, coat, collapse, conceal, confuse, contradict, cool, cover, crack, cure, cut, destroy, disagree, disappear, discard, disintegrate, disrupt, dissolve, distort, dominate, dry, eliminate, empty, enclose, eradicate, erase, erode, excavate, exclude, exhaust, expose, feel, fool, forget, fulfil, gear, go, gut, heal, hide, ignore, immerse, inhibit, integrate, jam, lack, lift, logical, lose, mask, master, misjudge, mislead, misread, misrepresent, miss, misunderstand, neglect, obliterate, obscure, offset, omit, oppose, overcome, overlook, overturn, overwhelm, paralyze, rebuild, reconstruct, recover, regain, reject, relax, remove, renew, renovate, reorganize, repair, replace, resolve, restore, reverse, revise, rewrite, ruin, rule, satisfy, screen, seal, separate, shade, shake, shatter, silence, soak, solve, spoil, strip, subordinate, suppress, surrender, surround, thaw, transform, trust, undermine, vanish, wipe, withdraw, wreck. ADJECTIVES: absent, absorbed, absurd, acceptable, accidental, accurate, alien, alone, anonymous, arbitrary, artificial, automatic, autonomous, baffled, balanced, bald, bare, barren, bewildered, bewildering, blank, bogus, bonkers, boring, broke, calm, clear, closed, comfortable, committed, confident, confidential, confused, consistent, contradictory, contrary, convinced, convincing, cool, correct, covered, crazy, credible, cynical, daft, dark, decayed, dejected, dependent, deserted, desolate, detached, devoid, devoted, different, disillusioned, dismissive, disorganized, distinct, distraught, dominant, drunk, dry, effective, empty, engrossed, erect, erratic, estranged, even, exempt, exhausted, exposed, extinct, fair, false, familiar, fearless, filthy, flat, flexible, foreign, free, frustrated, full, futile, genuine, grey, groundless, happy, harmless, helpless, honest, honourable, hooked, hopeless, identical, ignorant, illegitimate, illiterate, illogical, imaginary, immaterial, immobile, immune, impartial, impassable, impassive, impersonal, impervious, impossible, impotent, impracticable, impractical, improbable, inaccessible, inadequate, inappropriate, incapable, incidental,

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65

concisely -D

incompatible, incompetent, incomprehensible, indefensible, indestructible, indifferent, ineffective, inert, inexplicable, inflexible, innocent, insane, insensitive, insignificant, insulated, intact, invisible, irrelevant, irresponsible, isolated, justified, lacking, lame, legal, level, lifeless, light, limp, logical, lost, mad, misleading, mistaken, mystified, naked, natural, negative, neutral, new, nonexistent, normal, novel, nude, numb, objective, oblivious, obscure, obvious, opaque, open, opposed, original, outrageous, overgrown, overhaul, overwhelming, painless, plain, portable, powerless, predictable, preoccupied, proven, quiet, random, recyclable, redundant, relaxed, reliable, reliant, reversible, ridiculous, rigid, rural, safe, sane, satisfactory, satisfied, satisfying, secular, secure, self-contained, self-sufficient, separable, separate, shattered, silent, sincere, slack, smooth, soaked, sober, solid, soluble, speechless, stable, static, sterile, still, straight, stuck, stunned, submerged, subordinate, sure, synonymous, terrified, transparent, trivial, truthful, unable, unacceptable, unaffected, unaware, unbalanced, unbelievable, unchanged, unconcerned, unconscious, uncontrollable, understandable, unexpected, unfamiliar, unfashionable, unfit, unfounded, unheard-of, uninhibited, uninterested, unknown, unmoved, unnecessary, unnoticed, unprovoked, unreasonable, unscathed, unscrupulous, unsuitable, unsure, unthinkable, up-todate, useless, valid, valueless, voluntary, vulnerable.

comprehensively -D VERBS: beat, defeat, equip, fail, reject, review, win. ADJECTIVES: illustrated.

compulsorily -D VERBS: detain, purchase. ADJECTIVES: redundant.

conceptually -D VERBS: analyze, develop, understand. ADJECTIVES: distinct, flawed, weak.

concisely -D VERBS: answer, explain, express, summarize.

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conclusively -D

66

conclusively -D VERBS: demonstrate, establish, presume, prove. ADJECTIVES: proven.

conditionally -D VERBS: discharge, offer, release, sell, state.

confidentially -D VERBS: lean, speak, tell, treat, whisper.

confidently -D VERBS: act, assert, behave, declare, expect, predict, pronounce, rely on, smile, state, stride, win.

consciously -C VERBS: decide, formulate, ignore, relax, remember, seek, use. ADJECTIVES: aware of, polite, rude.

considerably -BBB VERBS: add, advance, age, alleviate, alter, become, benefit, boost, brighten, change, cool, cut, decline, decrease, deviate, differ, dilute, diverge, drop, ease, enhance, enlarge, exceed, expand, fluctuate, grow, help, improve, increase, influence, lessen, modify, narrow, outnumber, outweigh, overestimate, reduce, rise, shorten, simplify, slow, soften, strengthen, tighten, transform, underestimate, vary, weaken, widen, worsen. ADJECTIVES: different, dissimilar, easier, fatter, great, high, ill, large, long, low, old, shaken, small, trouble-free, well.

consistently -D VERBS: deny, ignore, overestimate, press, refuse, reject, repeat. ADJECTIVES: high, impressive, low.

conspicuously -D VERBS: fail, lack, neglect, omit, succeed. ADJECTIVES: absent, lacking.

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67

continuously -D

conspiratorially -D VERBS: grin, lean, look, smile, whisper, wink.

constantly -B VERBS: argue, ask, battle, bombard, change, complain, criticize, evolve, expose, flow, fluctuate, harp, interrupt, keep, look, modify, monitor, move, negotiate, reassure, recur, refine, reinforce, reject, remind, renew, repeat, review, revise, search, seek, shift, stir, stress, strive, struggle, talk, tell, threaten, thwart, try, undermine, update, upgrade, urge, vary, warn, work, worry. ADJECTIVES: alert, amazed, aware, busy, changing, engaged, surprised, vigilant.

constitutionally -D VERBS: behave, prohibit, protect. ADJECTIVES: guaranteed, incapable, infirm, right, unable.

constructively -D VERBS: act, advise, approach, criticize, dismiss, engage, respond.

contentedly -D VERBS: purr, sigh, smile, snore.

contemptuously -D VERBS: dismiss, eye, glance, laugh, smile, snort, think.

continually -D VERBS: argue, bombard, change, evolve, fluctuate, harass, negotiate, press, rain, reassess, reinforce, renew, repeat, revise, shift, stress, strive, threaten, update. ADJECTIVES: amazed, sick, surprised.

continuously -D VERBS: assess, change, develop, employ, flow, grow, improve, monitor, operate, rain, refine, reinforce, rule, speak, stir, supply, talk, update, use, vary, work.

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contractually -D

68

contractually -D VERBS: agree, bind. ADJECTIVES: liable, obliged.

conveniently -C VERBS: categorize, divide, forget, ignore, locate, mark, neglect, place, site, slip (sth into), store, summarize, time. ADJECTIVES: close (to), located, situated.

conversationally -D VERBS: ask, observe, say, speak, write.

convincingly -D VERBS: argue, beat, defeat, demonstrate, explain, lie, prove, reason, solve, speak, win.

convulsively -D VERBS: jerk, shiver, shudder, swallow, tighten, twitch.

coolly VERBS: enquire, eye, greet, inform, nod, observe, react, remark, reply, respond, retort, say, stare, survey. ADJECTIVES: calculating, impersonal, polite.

correctly -D VERBS: act, address, align, answer, approach, assess, behave, calculate, complete, define, diagnose, forecast, function, gauge, guess, hear, identify, interfere, interpret, judge, label, match, name, observe, perceive, perform, point, position, predict, print, pronounce, recall, record, reflect, remember, respond, specify, spell, state, translate, type, understand, use, wire, word. ADJECTIVES: controlled, orientated

covertly -D VERBS: act, glance, operate, watch.

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69

cunningly -D

criminally -D ADJECTIVES: inclined, insane, liable, negligent, stupid.

critically -C VERBS: acclaim, analyze, comment, depend, discuss, evaluate, examine, influence, injure, look, review, scan, survey, think, wound, wounded. ADJECTIVES: acclaimed, dependent, ill, important, injured.

crookedly -D VERBS: deal with sb, grin, run a business, smile.

crossly -D VERBS: ask, reply, say.

crucially -D VERBS: affect, depend, influence. ADJECTIVES: dependent, flawed, important.

crudely -D VERBS: draw, equate, estimate, paint, put. ADJECTIVES: -built, carved, formed.

cruelly -D VERBS: behave, dash, deny, expose, interrupt, neglect, slaughter.

culturally -D VERBS: define. ADJECTIVES: acceptable, close, conservative, defined, determined, diverse, homogeneous, inappropriate, isolated, limited, literate, neutral, rich, similar, sophisticated, specific, uneven.

cunningly -D VERBS: conceal, disguise, oppose, plan. ADJECTIVES: contrived.

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curiously -C

70

curiously -C VERBS: ask, eye, glance, look, peer, regard, stare. ADJECTIVES: calm, content, detached, empty, enigmatic, inadequate, inconclusive, lacking, light-headed, mixed, muted, named, old-fashioned, paradoxical, reluctant, reminiscent, shaped, unmoved, unreal, weak.

currently -A VERBS: appear, employ, enjoy, estimate, exist, have, hold, offer, operate, review, run, schedule, stand, use, work. ADJECTIVES: accessible, unemployed, unknown.

available,

engaged,

curtly -D VERBS: announce, answer, nod, reply, retort, say, tell.

cynically -D VERBS: disregard, exploit, laugh, praise.

***

fashionable,

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D

71

deathly -D

daily -A VERBS: arrive, check, commute, happen, open, take, use.

damn(ed) -D ADJECTIVES: decent, expensive, good, lucky, miserable, near, relaxed, right, silly, sure.

dangerously -D VERBS: drive, glitter, live, narrow, sway. ADJECTIVES: close, complacent, deceptive, democratic, exposed, extreme, fast, high, hot, ill, insane, low, mad, misleading, near, quiet, radioactive, shaky, unstable, volatile, weak.

darkly -D VERBS: frown, glitter, hint, mutter, say, scowl, see. ADJECTIVES: comic, funny, handsome, humorous, menacing, outlined.

dazzlingly -D VERBS: display, smile. ADJECTIVES: beautiful, inventive.

dead -A ADJECTIVES: boring, calm, certain, drunk, easy, flat, funny, good, hungry, miserable, pleased, quiet, right, scared, serious, set, spooky, straight, tired, unlucky, white, wrong.

deadly ADJECTIVES: accurate, dull, earnest, poisonous, serious.

deathly -D ADJECTIVES: cold, pale, quiet, silent, still, white.

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decently -D

72

decently -D VERBS: behave, bury, dress. ADJECTIVES: clad, dressed.

deceptively -D ADJECTIVES: casual, gentle, mild, simple, small, smooth, spacious, steep, straightforward.

decidedly -D VERBS: feel, look, mix, say. ADJECTIVES: careful, chilly, dangerous, difficult, more formal, frosty, gloomy, hostile, impressive, inferior, limited, mixed, odd, ordinary, patchy, rare, reluctant, risky, shaky, slender, spooky, thin, uncomfortable, uneasy, unpleasant, unusual, unwelcome, wary, weak.

decisively -D VERBS: act, affect, defeat, influence, intervene, reject, shake, win.

deep -AA VERBS: bite, burrow, bury, cut, dig, dive, fry, go, hide, lie, look, penetrate, probe, root, run, sail, sink, strike, thrust. ADJECTIVES: purple, red, underground.

deeply -AA VERBS: absorb, admire, affect, anger, appreciate, become, blush, bow, breathe, bury, care, commit, concern, cut, delve, disappoint, distress, disturb, divide, drink, embed, entrench, erode, feel, flush, frown, grieve, hold, humiliate, hurt, implicate, impress, influence, inhale, involve, kiss, laugh, mark, move, offend, oppose, penetrate, ponder, probe, regret, relax, remain, resent, respect, root, sadden, saddened, scar, shock, sigh, sleep, slumber, sniff, stir, swallow, sympathize, think, thrust, touch, trouble, upset, wound. ADJECTIVES: afraid, aggrieved, agitated, ambivalent, apprehensive, ashamed, asleep, attached, characteristic, committed, compassionate, concerned, conscious, conservative, contented, convinced, critical, cultured, curious, cynical, damaging, dependent, depressed,

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73

delicately -D

depressing, disappointed, disappointing, disapproving, dissatisfied, distressing, disturbed, embarrassed, embarrassing, embedded, emotional, engaged, engrossed, estranged, expressive, fascinating, flawed, flushed, frustrated, frustrating, grateful, honoured, hostile, humiliating, hurt, hurtful, impressed, inadequate, indebted, ingrained, insecure, inspiring, interested, interesting, intolerant, involved, ironic, irritated, lined, moving, offensive, opposed, perplexed, perverse, pessimistic, pleasurable, poignant, polished, prejudiced, preoccupied, regrettable, relaxed, religious, reluctant, repulsive, resentful, reserved, revealing, rooted, sad, satisfying, sceptical, sensitive, shaken, shocked, shocking, significant, sincere, sorry, spiritual, stunned, submerged, suspect, suspicious, symbolic, sympathetic, tanned, thankful, touched, traumatic, troubled, uncertain, uncomfortable, unconscious, uneasy, unhappy, unpleasant, unpopular, upset, wary.

definitely -BB VERBS: establish, get, go, look, need, recommend, rule, state, think, want. ADJECTIVES: false, fishy.

deftly -D VERBS: catch, drive, fold, manipulate, sketch.

deliberately -BBB VERBS: aim, avoid, choose, create, cultivate, delay, distort, employ, exaggerate, exclude, exploit, expose, flaunt, flout, foster, harm, ignore, incite, inflict, keep, kick, leak, leave, make, manipulate, misinterpret, mislead, misrepresent, neglect, obscure, obstruct, omit, pause, penalize, pitch, plant, pour, prolong, promote, provoke, push, ram, refrain, reject, restrict, sabotage, seek, select, set, shape, slow, snub, start, suppress, target, try, use, withhold. ADJECTIVES: ambiguous, cautious, contrived, cultivated, insulting, misleading, offensive, perverse, provocative, rude, vague.

delicately -D VERBS: deal with, embroider, handle, manipulate, negotiate, sniff, step.

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deliciously -D

74

ADJECTIVES: balanced, carved, coloured, flavoured, patterned, poised, scented, worded.

deliciously -D VERBS: smell. ADJECTIVES: cool, creamy, garlicky, ironic, spicy, warm

delightfully -D VERBS: illustrate, name. ADJECTIVES: attractive, comic, enjoyable, frank, humorous, informal, mellow, peaceful, pleasant, situated, witty.

democratically -D VERBS: decide, elect. ADJECTIVES: accountable, constituted, elected,.

demonstrably -D ADJECTIVES: correct, inferior, unfair, untrue, wrong.

densely -D ADJECTIVES: covered, crowded, occupied, planted, populated, wooded, written.

deservedly -D VERBS: earn, win. ADJECTIVES: famous, popular, well-known.

depressingly -D ADJECTIVES: dull, familiar, low, obvious, poor.

despairingly -D VERBS: cry, look, shake, sigh, think, wonder.

derisively -D VERBS: comment, laugh, remark, snort, stare.

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75

direct -A

desperately -BBB VERBS: cling, clutch, cry, feel, fight, flail, hope, long, look, need, protest, repeat, search, seek, shake, strive, struggle, think, try, want, wish. ADJECTIVES: afraid, anxious, busy, close, disappointed, disappointing, hard, homesick, hungry, ill, important, keen, lonely, nervous, poor, sad, short, shy, sick, slow, sorry, tired, trying, unhappy, unlucky, unpopular, upset, worried.

determinedly -D VERBS: continue, ignore, meet, oppose, resist, try.

devastatingly -D ADJECTIVES: attractive, beautiful, effective, handsome, powerful.

devoutly -D VERBS: believe, hope, wish. ADJECTIVES: religious.

diametrically -D VERBS: oppose. ADJECTIVES: opposed.

differently -D VERBS: approach, form, happen, interfere, perceive, phrase, react, respond, treat, view. ADJECTIVES: -shaped.

dimly -D VERBS: discern, illuminate, light, perceive, realize, recall, reflect, remember, see, sense. ADJECTIVES: aware, conscious, visible.

direct -A VERBS: dial, go, mail, order.

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directly -AA

76

directly -AA VERBS: absorb, address, affect, aim, appeal, apply, approach, arise, assert, attribute, challenge, charge, come, communicate, compete, concern, confront, connect, contact, contradict, contribute, control, correspond, deal, derive, descend, discharge, elect, employ, engage, enhance, equate, experience, expose, feed, finance, fix, flow, focus, fund, go, govern, impair, impinge, implicate, import, influence, interact, interfere, intervene, invest, involve, issue, lead, liaison, link, look, measure, mention, mount, negotiate, observe, oppose, order, oversee, perceive, precede, proceed, promote, quote, recruit, reflect, relate, reply, report, respond, speak, stimulate, strike, tackle, test, threaten, tie, trace, trade, transfer, translate, work. ADJECTIVES: accessible, accountable, analogous, attached, comparable, compatible, concerned, contradictory, contrary, dependent, effective, elected, engaged, involved, opposed, overhead, proportional, related, relevant, responsible, responsive, subject, subordinate.

disappointingly -D VERBS: begin, end, perform, play, start. ADJECTIVES: boring, dull.

disapprovingly -D VERBS: frown, look, react, sniff.

disastrously -D VERBS: backfire, end, slump. ADJECTIVES: damaging, harmful, wrong.

disbelievingly -D VERBS: echo, look, shake, stare.

disconcertingly -D ADJECTIVES: direct, familiar, silent.

discreetly -D VERBS: behave, cough, enquire, hint, speak, park, site, tuck.

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77

doubly -D

ADJECTIVES: expensive.

dishonestly -D VERBS: act, conceal, obtain.

dishonourably -D VERBS: act, discharge.

dismally -D VERBS: fail, perform sth, shake.

dismissively -D VERBS: gesture, shake, shrug, wave.

disparagingly -D VERBS: comment, remark, sniff, speak.

disproportionately -D VERBS: represent. ADJECTIVES: concentrated, high, large.

distinctly -D VERBS: speak, pronounce, recall, remember. ADJECTIVES: cautious, chilly, cool, cosmopolitan, dubious, eerie, familiar, fishy, foolish, frosty, hear, hostile, inferior, lacking, limited, masculine, muted, negative, odd, off-putting, paradoxical, peeved, positive, rare, see, shaky, smell, superior, uncomfortable, uneasy, unfriendly, unhappy, unusual.

doggedly -D VERBS: fight, persist, pursue, stick.

doubly -D ADJECTIVES: careful, difficult, disadvantaged, disappointing, important, incongruous, interesting, ironic, mistaken, sure.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

doubtfully -D

78

doubtfully -D VERBS: ask, eye, look, nod, shake.

downright -D ADJECTIVES: boring, dangerous, destructive, difficult, dishonest, eerie, hostile, immoral, impractical, lazy, offensive, ridiculous, rude, savage, scared, silly, sinister, uncomfortable.

downstairs -BB VERBS: come, creep, fall, get, go, hear, hurry, race, run, rush, wait, walk, wheel.

downstream -D VERBS: carry sb, drift, float, paddle, swim, travel.

downwards -C VERBS: adjust, face, filter, float, jerk, move, plunge, point, revise, slope.

dramatically -D VERBS: accelerate, alter, change, decline, decrease, deteriorate, drop, enhance, expand, fall, grow, highlight, illustrate, impair, improve, increase, pause, portray, reduce, reverse, rise, shift, shorten, shrink, slump, soar, tilt, vary, worsen.

drastically -D VERBS: alter, change, curb, curtail, cut, decline, decrease, drop, modify, reduce, reform, revise, rewrite, simplify. ADJECTIVES: overhaul.

drunkenly -D VERBS: brawl, drive, lean, sway.

dryly -D VERBS: comment, enquire, murmur, observe, remark, reply, respond, retort, say, swallow. ADJECTIVES: hungry, inadequate, sorry, unhappy, untidy, upset.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

79

dumbly -D

duly -C VERBS: acknowledge, apologize, appear, arrive, elect, ignore, note, oblige, perform, punish, qualify, record, register, report, reward, sign, summon, take, warn, win. ADJECTIVES: forthcoming, impressed, qualified.

dully -D VERBS: ache, gleam, glow, reflect, say, stare, think.

dumb -D VERBS: act, play.

dumbly -D VERBS: gaze, look, nod, stare.

***

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

eagerly -D

80

E

eagerly -D VERBS: anticipate, await, devour, enquire, lean, listen, nod, obey, search, seek, seize.

earlier -AA VERBS: arrive, begin, cite, come, leave, mention, note, outline, quote, retire, start, warn.

early -AAA VERBS: arrive, awake, awaken, begin, book, come, detect, leave, mature, retire, rise, sow, start, wake, warn.

earnestly -D VERBS: attempt, desire, discuss, explain, lean, pray, speak, strive, talk.

easily -A VERBS: absorb, accommodate, accomplish, adapt, afford, appreciate, arrange, assemble, assimilate, beat, become, bleed, bore, break, breathe, bruise, burn, categorize, chat, come, communicate, confuse, cope, crease, cut, deceive, deduce, defeat, define, degenerate, demonstrate, detect, deter, digest, discern, dismiss, distinguish, distract, erode, evade, exaggerate, exceed, exploit, find, fit, flow, fool, forget, forgive, frighten, gain, grasp, handle, identify, ignore, imagine, incorporate, install, interfere, irritate, laugh, lead, lean, locate, manipulate, manoeuvre, measure, misjudge, mislead, misrepresent, mistake, mix, move, negotiate, obscure, offend, outnumber, outweigh, overcome, penetrate, perceive, persuade, qualify, reach, recall, recognize, remedy, remove, replace, resolve, result, say, scare, score, secure, separate, shake, shock, sit, sleep, slide, slot, solve, split, spot, spread, state, store, succumb, summarize, surpass, swallow, sway, switch, tear, thwart, tire, trace, transfer, translate, transmit, treat, understand, upset, visualize, win, wipe. ADJECTIVES:

acceptable,

accessible,

adaptable,

apparent,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

81

effectively -AA

attainable, available, avoidable, best, comparable, comprehensible, detachable, discernible, distinguishable, excitable, explicable, intelligible, justified, legible, manageable, marketable, obtainable, perceptible, portable, predictable, readable, recognizable, recyclable, reversible, separable, soluble, susceptible, transferable, understandable, visible.

east -A VERBS: continue, drive, face, flee, go, head, look, move, travel.

easy -AAA VERBS: come, go, rest.

ecologically -D ADJECTIVES: disastrous, responsible, sensitive, sound, valuable.

economically -BBB VERBS: become, develop, live, price. ADJECTIVES: active, advantageous, backward, bankrupt, damaging, dependent, deprived, desirable, developed, disadvantaged, dominant, efficient, feasible, illiterate, important, impossible, inactive, indefensible, independent, inefficient, isolated, justifiable, justified, literate, powerful, rational, secure, self-sufficient, suicidal, superior, undesirable, unstable, viable, vulnerable, weak.

educationally -D ADJECTIVES: backward, disadvantaged, retarded, subnormal, superior, underprivileged, valuable.

effectively -AA VERBS: abandon, acknowledge, act, administer, ban, bar, become, block, campaign, cease, challenge, clean, combat, communicate, compete, conceal, confine, contribute, control, convey, cut, deal, deny, deploy, destroy, deter, devalue, disappear, double, eliminate, end, endorse, exclude, exercise, exile, exploit, freeze, fulfil, function, grant, guarantee, halt, halve, hand, harness, implement, impose, incorporate, intervene, manage, mark, market, mask, mean, measure, mobilize, monitor, neutralize, operate, organize, perform, prevent, prohibit, protect, pursue, reduce, reject, remove,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

eerily -D

82

respond, restrain, restrict, ruin, rule, screen, seal, separate, shift, signal, silence, solve, stall, stimulate, suppress, suspend, tackle, teach, translate, undermine, use, utilize, veto, wipe, work, wreck. ADJECTIVES: autonomous, identical, immortal, impose, impossible, inaccessible, indefensible, inseparable, invisible, isolated.

eerily -D VERBS: echo. ADJECTIVES: beautiful, quiet, silent, similar.

efficiently -D VERBS: administer, allocate, function, handle, manage, market, operate, organize, perform, process, produce, retrieve, run a business etc, solve, use, work. ADJECTIVES: -managed, -organized, -produced.

elaborately -D VERBS: decorate, stage. ADJECTIVES: beaded, carved, casual, decorated, planned.

electrically -D VERBS: heated, light, operate. ADJECTIVES: charged, heated, powered.

electronically -D VERBS: communicate, controlled, generated, operate, record, store, transfer, transmit.

elegantly -D VERBS: decorate, demonstrate, drape, dress, solve. ADJECTIVES: dressed, furnished, handsome, tailored.

eloquently -D VERBS: appeal, express, speak.

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83

energetically -D

elsewhere -A VERBS: describe, discuss, find, go, happen, lie, live, look, move, study, try, use.

eminently -D ADJECTIVES: acceptable, deserving, desirable, logical, practical, qualified, readable, reasonable, respectable, sane, satisfactory, satisfying, sensible, suitable, suited, valuable.

emotionally -D VERBS: abuse, appeal, blackmail, cripple, develop, distress, disturb, drain, exhaust, experience, grow, mature, react, respond, scar. ADJECTIVES: attached, battered, committed, demanding, dependent, deprived, detached, distressing, disturbed, exhausted, exhausting, expressive, immature, inhibited, involved, loaded, mature, painful, ready, retarded, shattered, stable, state, stressful, support, unstable.

emphatically -D VERBS: assert, defeat, deny, prove, reject, shake, state, win.

empirically -D VERBS: analyze, approach, demonstrate, establish, prove, question, study, test.

encouragingly -D VERBS: nod, respond, smile, speak.

endlessly -D VERBS: argue, debate, discuss, go, multiply, recycle, repeat, stretch, talk. ADJECTIVES: fascinating, kind, patient, repetitive, resourceful, varied.

energetically -D VERBS: campaign, fight, foster, move, pursue.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

enormously -D

84

enormously -D VERBS: admire, appeal, benefit, complicate, contribute, differ, enhance, enjoy, expand, grow, help, increase, influence, like, please, range, reinforce, strengthen, vary. ADJECTIVES: appealing, complex, costly, diverse, enjoyable, exciting, expensive, fat, flattering, fruitful, grateful, helpful, important, impressed, impressive, popular, powerful, productive, proud, rich, successful, useful, valuable, varied, wealthy.

enthusiastically -D VERBS: applaud, clap, embrace, endorse, greet, join, nod, respond, support, talk, welcome.

entirely -A VERBS: abandon, agree, based, cease, concentrate, concur, confine, consist, convince, depend, destroy, devote, disagree, disappear, discard, dominate, eliminate, endorse, eradicate, exclude, finance, focus, forget, fund, gear, ignore, lack, logical, mask, master, neglect, obliterate, oppose, overlook, rebuild, rely, remove, rule, satisfy, seem, surround, sympathize, transform, vanish. ADJECTIVES: absent, abstract, acceptable, accurate, alien, alone, anonymous, appropriate, arbitrary, artificial, avoidable, barren, beneficial, blank, bogus, characteristic, clear, coincidental, comfortable, commendable, compatible, composed, comprehensible, concerned, confident, consistent, contrary, conventional, correct, courteous, covered, delightful, dependent, descriptive, devoid, different, dismissive, distinct, engrossed, exempt, explicable, factual, fair, faithful, false, familiar, feasible, fictional, fictitious, fitting, foreign, free, groundless, haphazard, happy, honourable, hostile, ignorant, illegitimate, illogical, immaterial, immune, impersonal, impractical, improper, inaccessible, inadequate, inappropriate, incidental, incompatible, incongruous, indefensible, ineffective, innocent, intact, irrelevant, isolated, justifiable, justified, lacking, legitimate, logical, male, misguided, misleading, misplaced, naked, negative, new, novel, occupied, opposed, optional, painless, plausible, positive, possible, practical, pragmatic, predictable, preoccupied, preventable, proper, random, rational, reasonable, reliant, respectable, responsible, rigid, satisfactory, secret, secure, self-contained, selfish, separate, sincere, straightforward, subject, subjective, superficial, supportive, sure, sympathetic, transparent,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

85

eternally -D

typical, unaffected, unaware, understandable, unexpected, unfounded, unhappy, united, unknown, unmoved, unnecessary, unnoticed, unprecedented, unscathed, unsuitable, useless, voluntary.

environmentally -C ADJECTIVES: acceptable, aware, benign, conscious, damaging, destructive, friendly, harmful, harmless, hazardous, responsible, safe, sensitive, sound, unfriendly.

equally -A VERBS: apply, contribute, distribute, divide, prove, seem, share, space, split, spread, treat. ADJECTIVES: acceptable, active, applicable, balanced, clear, deserving, effective, good, important, impossible, impressive, interesting, likely, probable, strong, suitable, true, unhappy, useful, useless, valid, valuable.

especially -AA ADJECTIVES: careful, complex, concerned, effective, evident, fond, grateful, helpful, important, impressed, interested, interesting, keen, kind, marked, notable, noted, noteworthy, noticeable, numerous, pertinent, pleased, popular, powerful, prominent, prone, pronounced, proud, rare, relevant, rich, sensitive, severe, skilled, striking, suitable, suited, useful, valuable, vigilant, vulnerable.

essentially -A VERBS: consist, mean, remain. ADJECTIVES: alien, arbitrary, ceremonial, complementary, concerned, conservative, correct, dependent, descriptive, different, distinct, dynamic, equivalent, hierarchical, humanitarian, identical, indefensible, instrumental, intact, isolated, liberal, male, masculine, meaningless, negative, novel, optimistic, ordinary, passive, political, positive, practical, pragmatic, rational, religious, rural, same, secular, self-sufficient, separate, similar, static, subjective, subordinate, traditional, trivial, true, unchanged.

eternally -D VERBS: argue, exist, urge.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

ethically -D

86

ADJECTIVES: grateful, hopeful, loved, optimistic, popular, present, wedded to sth.

ethically -D VERBS: behave, consider, invest. ADJECTIVES: acceptable, correct, justifiable, neutral, valuable.

ethnically -D VERBS: mix. ADJECTIVES: different, diverse, divided, homogeneous, mixed, related.

euphemistically -D VERBS: call, deny, describe, name, talk, term.

evasively -D VERBS: act, answer, reply.

even -AAA ADJECTIVES: better, colder, less, more difficult.

evenly -C VERBS: apply, balance, coat, cook, distribute, divide, enquire, match, reply, say, space, split, spread, sprinkle. ADJECTIVES: balanced, covered, divided.

eventually -AA VERBS: agree, arrive, become, bring, cease, collapse, come, concede, dawn, decide, defeat, die, disappear, discover, drop, emerge, end, evolve, fall, find, finish, force, gain, get, heal, incorporate, lead, leave, lose, manage, mend, notice, overcome, persuade, prevail, provoke, reach, realize, regain, reject, release, replace, resolve, result, return, reward, settle, solve, split, spot, subside, succeed, succumb, surrender, take, transfer, triumph, turn, undermine, win, withdraw, work. ADJECTIVES: triumphant, victorious.

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87

excessively -D

evidently -BB VERBS: change, decide, find, think. ADJECTIVES: intent, pleased, surprised, unaware, upset.

exactly -AA VERBS: calculate, coincide, correspond, define, describe, determine, divide, do, duplicate, echo, express, fit, know, look, match, measure, mimic, mirror, offset, pinpoint, predict, quote, remember, repeat, reproduce, reverse, specify, spell, state, synchronize, tailor. ADJECTIVES: alike, analogous, comparable, equal, equivalent, identical, parallel, perpendicular, right, same, square, symmetrical, synonymous.

exceedingly -D ADJECTIVES: complex, dangerous, difficult, expensive, foolish, fortunate, generous, handsome, hot, kind, likable, pleasant, rare, rich, shallow, sharp, unpleasant, valuable, wealthy, well-behaved, well-measured, worried.

excellently -D VERBS: perform, play, work.

exceptionally -D VERBS: harsh. ADJECTIVES: beautiful, brave, bright, busy, comfortable, complex, costly, courageous, difficult, diverse, elaborate, fast, favourable, fine, friendly, generous, gifted, good, harsh, high, hot, large, light, long, low, lucky, mild, mobile, nice, powerful, pretty, prolific, rapid, rare, rich, severe, smooth, strong, talented, tall, useful, valuable, violent, warm, wealthy.

excessively -D VERBS: drink. ADJECTIVES: cautious, controlled, costly, dry, generous, high, lenient, narrow, optimistic, regulated, rigid, shy.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

excitedly -D

88

excitedly -D VERBS: bark, chatter, cry, explain, laugh, talk, whisper.

exclusively -BB VERBS: belong, concentrate, confine, consist, deal, design, devote, feed, focus, gear, rely, reserve, reveal, use, work. ADJECTIVES: composed, concerned, devoted, female, focused, male, masculine, negative.

excruciatingly -D ADJECTIVES: bad, boring, embarrassed, embarrassing, funny, painful, uncomfortable.

exhaustively -D VERBS: discuss, examine, research, test. ADJECTIVES: documented, listed, studied.

expectantly -D VERBS: look, wait.

expensively -D VERBS: dress. ADJECTIVES: dressed, educated, furnished, tailored.

experimentally -D VERBS: change, confirm, demonstrate, measure, move, observe, obtain, start, study, test, use.

expertly -D VERBS: drive, land, manipulate, manoeuvre, navigate, pilot, steer.

explicitly -D VERBS: acknowledge, address, assert, define, deny, endorse, exclude, formulate, instruct, link, mention, model, reject, request, say, specify, state. ADJECTIVES: planned, trained.

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89

extremely -AA

expressly -C VERBS: agree, blame, concede, deny, design, exclude, exempt, forbid, form, grant, incorporate, mention, order, prohibit, provide, reject, request, reserve, state, tell. ADJECTIVES: subject to.

exquisitely -D VERBS: embroider, paint. ADJECTIVES: beautiful, charming, crafted, detailed, furnished, handcarved, sensitive, tailored.

extensively -D VERBS: damage, debate, discuss, employ, excavate, exploit, explore, investigate, quote, rebuild, renovate, repair, research, restore, review, revise, rewrite, study, test, tour, travel, utilize, write.

externally -D VERBS: advertise, audit, cause, examine, fund, generate, impose, use. ADJECTIVES: imposed, visible.

extra -A VERBS: pay. ADJECTIVES: careful, hard, long, vigilant.

extraordinarily -C ADJECTIVES: beautiful, candid, clever, complex, complicated, courageous, detailed, difficult, excited, exciting, favourable, funny, generous, good-looking, handsome, interesting, intricate, intriguing, light, mobile, moving, persistent, pleasant, powerful, prolific, quiet, rapid, resistant, rich, subtle, talented, vivid.

extremely -AA VERBS: become, complicate, feel, harsh, late, logical, look, prove, vary, work. ADJECTIVES: able, absorbed, accomplished, accurate, active, addictive, adept, advanced, advantageous, afraid, aggressive,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

extremely -AA

90

agitated, alarmed, alarming, ambitious, amusing, ancient, angry, annoyed, annoying, anxious, appealing, apprehensive, appropriate, attractive, awkward, bad, bad-tempered, beautiful, beneficial, biased, big, bitter, bleak, bold, boring, brave, brief, bright, broad, bureaucratic, busy, calm, capable, careful, careless, casual, cautious, challenging, characteristic, charming, cheap, cheerful, civil, clean, clear, clever, close, cold, comfortable, comforting, comical, common, compelling, competent, competitive, complacent, complex, complicated, complimentary, composed, comprehensive, concerned, confident, confidential, confused, confusing, conscious, conservative, contented, controversial, convenient, convincing, cordial, costly, courageous, courteous, coy, critical, cross, crowded, cruel, curious, cynical, damaging, dangerous, decorative, degrading, delicate, demanding, democratic, dependable, depressed, depressing, deprived, desirable, destructive, detailed, detrimental, devoted, difficult, direct, dirty, disadvantaged, disappointed, disappointing, disillusioned, disruptive, distasteful, distinctive, distraught, distressing, disturbed, diverse, dominant, doubtful, dramatic, drunk, dry, dubious, dull, early, easy, eccentric, economical, effective, efficient, elaborate, elegant, eloquent, elusive, embarrassed, embarrassing, emotional, encouraging, energetic, entertaining, enthusiastic, envious, erratic, excited, exciting, expensive, experienced, exposed, faint, faithful, familiar, far-fetched, fashionable, fast, favourable, fearful, fertile, fit, flattering, flexible, fluid, flushed, fond, foolish, formal, fortunate, fragrant, frail, frank, frequent, friendly, frightening, fruitful, frustrated, frustrating, full, funny, fuzzy, generous, gentle, gifted, glad, good, good-looking, grateful, gratifying, guilty, handsome, happy, hard, harmful, harsh, hazardous, hazy, healthy, heavy, helpful, hierarchical, high, hoarse, honest, hopeful, hostile, hot, humorous, hungry, hurt, ill, illuminating, imaginative, impatient, important, imprecise, impressed, impressive, improbable, inaccurate, inconvenient, indignant, inefficient, informal, informative, ingenious, insecure, insensitive, insistent, instructive, intelligent, intense, interested, interesting, intolerant, intricate, intriguing, intrusive, intuitive, involved, ironic, irresponsible, isolated, keen, kind, knowledgeable, large, late, lazy, lengthy, lenient, light, likeable, likely, limited, logical, lonely, long-lived, low, luxurious, marked, masculine, mellow, memorable, militant, minor, misleading, mixed, modest, motivated, muddled, muddy, muted, naïve, narrow, nasty, neat, negative, neglected, negligent, nervous, nice, noisy, noticeable,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

91

extremely -AA

novel, nutritious, obscure, obvious, odd, offensive, old, opaque, open, optimistic, organized, original, overcrowded, overgrown, overweight, painful, pale, passive, patchy, patient, patronizing, peaceful, perceptive, permissive, persistent, personal, persuasive, pertinent, pessimistic, plain, plausible, pleasant, pleased, pleasing, poignant, poisonous, polite, poor, popular, positive, possessive, potent, powerful, practical, predictable, prejudiced, prestigious, pretty, probable, productive, professional, profitable, prolific, prominent, promising, proud, provocative, prudent, puzzled, quick, quiet, rapid, rare, reactionary, readable, realistic, reasonable, reassuring, refreshing, regrettable, relaxed, relevant, reliable, relieved, reluctant, remote, repetitive, repressed, repulsive, resentful, reserved, resilient, resistant, respectable, responsible, responsive, restrictive, rewarding, rich, rigid, risky, romantic, rude, rural, sad, safe, sarcastic, satisfied, satisfying, scarce, scared, sceptical, secretive, secure, seductive, selective, self-contained, selfish, sensible, sensitive, serious, severe, sexy, shaky, shallow, sharp, shocking, short, shy, sick, significant, silly, similar, simple, simplistic, sinister, skilful, skilled, slack, sleepy, slight, slippery, slow, small, smooth, soft, solid, sophisticated, sorry, sound, sour, spacious, stable, stale, steady, steep, stimulating, straightforward, strained, strange, stressful, striking, strong, subtle, successful, superficial, supple, supportive, surprised, surprising, susceptible, suspicious, sweet, sympathetic, talented, tall, tame, technical, tedious, tense, thankful, thick, thin, threatening, tidy, tight, tiny, tired, tolerant, tough, toxic, tranquil, transparent, traumatic, treacherous, trivial, typical, ugly, unbalanced, uncertain, uncomfortable, undesirable, uneasy, unfair, unfashionable, unfortunate, unfriendly, unhappy, unlikely, unlucky, unpleasant, unpopular, unreasonable, unstable, untidy, unusual, unwell, upset, urgent, useful, vague, valid, valuable, variable, varied, versatile, viable, vigilant, vigorous, violent, vivid, vocal, volatile, vulnerable, warm, wary, weak, wealthy.

***

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

fabulously -D

F

92

fabulously -D VERBS: dance, play. ADJECTIVES: rich, expensive, successful, wealthy.

factually -D ADJECTIVES: accurate, correct, incorrect.

faintly -D VERBS: blush, echo, flicker, gesture, gleam, glimmer, glow, hope, illuminate, linger, praise, resemble, shine, smell, smile, taste, whine. ADJECTIVES: absurd, alarmed, alarming, amused, annoyed, apologetic, audible, bemused, bored, comic, comical, depressing, eccentric, embarrassed, familiar, flushed, golden, guilty, irritated, menacing, organized, pink, puzzled, reassuring, reminiscent, ridiculous, sarcastic, sick, sinister, suggestive, surprised, visible, warm.

fairly -A VERBS: act, deal, dismiss, distribute, judge, late, price, remain, represent, seem, shake, treat. ADJECTIVES: able, abstract, acceptable, accurate, active, adaptable, advanced, advantageous, aggressive, ambivalent, arbitrary, average, awesome, bad, balanced, benign, big, boring, brief, bright, broad, busy, calm, careful, casual, cautious, certain, chaotic, characteristic, cheap, cheerful, clean, clear, close, cold, comfortable, common, commonplace, competent, competitive, complete, complex, complicated, composed, comprehensive, conclusive, confident, conservative, consistent, constant, content, conventional, convinced, convincing, cool, costly, crowded, crucial, cynical, deep, demanding, democratic, depressing, deserving, detailed, determined, direct, disastrous, dismal, distant, distasteful, distinct, distinctive, dominant, dramatic, drunk, dull, early, easy, eccentric, economical, effective, efficient, elaborate, empty, entertaining, enthusiastic, erratic, essential, even, evident, exhausting, exhaustive, expensive,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

93

falsely -D

explicit, exposed, extreme, faithful, familiar, fast, favourable, firm, fit, flat, flexible, fluid, formal, frank, free, frequent, frightening, full, fundamental, generous, gentle, good, handy, haphazard, happy, hard, harmless, hazy, healthy, heavy, helpful, hierarchical, high, homogeneous, hopeful, horrific, hot, impartial, important, imprecise, impressed, impressive, improbable, inactive, inconclusive, indefensible, inexpensive, informal, infrequent, innocuous, insensitive, insignificant, insistent, intact, intelligent, intense, interested, interesting, intuitive, keen, large, late, lengthy, liberal, light, limited, literate, long, low, meaningless, mild, minor, mixed, mobile, moderate, modest, mundane, naïve, narrow, natural, neat, negative, neutral, new, noisy, normal, nutritious, objective, obscure, observant, obvious, old, optimistic, orderly, ordinary, orthodox, passive, peaceful, persuasive, plain, pleasant, pleased, pointless, polite, popular, positive, powerful, predictable, productive, proficient, prolific, prolonged, prominent, pronounced, quick, quiet, radical, random, rapid, rare, realistic, reasonable, recent, regular, relaxed, reliable, remote, representative, respectable, responsible, responsive, restrained, restricted, restrictive, rich, rigid, safe, satisfactory, satisfied, sceptical, secluded, secure, selective, selfcontained, self-evident, self-sufficient, senior, sensible, sensitive, serious, settled, severe, shallow, sharp, sheltered, short, shy, significant, silent, simple, simplistic, skilful, skinny, slack, slender, slight, slow, small, smooth, sober, soft, solid, sombre, sophisticated, sound, spacious, specialized, specific, stable, staggering, standard, static, steady, steep, stiff, straight forward, straight, strange, stressful, strong, subdued, subtle, successful, superficial, sure, swift, symmetrical, sympathetic, tall, taxing, thick, thin, tidy, tight, tolerable, tough, traditional, tranquil, transparent, traumatic, trivial, typical, uncommon, understandable, unpleasant, unusual, useful, useless, usual, vague, versatile, violent, volatile, weak, wealthy.

faithfully -CC VERBS: echo, follow, mirror, observe, perform, promise, record, reflect, repeat, reproduce, restore, serve.

falsely -D VERBS: accuse, assume, believe, claim, identify, imprison, label, promise, represent, smile, state, tell. ADJECTIVES: cheerful, inflated, modest.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

far and wide

94

far and wide VERBS: spread.

far from ADJECTIVES: blameless, complacent, complete, conclusive, convincing, flattering, gloomy, happy, immune, impossible, impressive, inspiring, negligible, obvious, one-sided, perfect, pleased, preferable, satisfactory, satisfied, static, straightforward, sufficient, superior, true, uncommon, unique, universal, usual.

fast -AA VERBS: approach, beat, become, breathe, change, decline, drive, drop, dwindle, expand, fade, fall, fill, flow, fly, go, grow, happen, learn, move, recede, ride, rise, run, shrink, sink, spin, spread, travel, walk, work. ADJECTIVES: asleep, stuck.

fatally -D VERBS: injure, shoot, underestimate, undermine, weaken, wound. ADJECTIVES: damaged, flawed, ill, injured, shot, weakened, wounded.

favourably -D VERBS: comment, compare, contrast, impress, position, react, respond, review, treat, view. ADJECTIVES: disposed, impressed, inclined.

fearfully -D VERBS: ask, glance, look.

fervently -D VERBS: admire, appeal, believe, hope, nod, pray, support, wish.

fiendishly -D VERBS: plan, yell. ADJECTIVES: clever, complicated, difficult, evil.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

95

finely -C

fiercely -D VERBS: argue, attack, burn, cling, compete, concentrate, condemn, contest, criticize, debate, defend, demand, denounce, deny, dispute, fight, glare, glitter, grow, guard, hug, kiss, mutter, oppose, quarrel, resist, say, scowl, shake, stare, struggle, whisper. ADJECTIVES: committed, competitive, critical, determined, hostile, indefensible, independent, indignant, nationalistic, opposed, patriotic, possessive, protective, proud.

filthy ADJECTIVES: dirty, rich.

finally -AA VERBS: agree, arrive, become, break, catch, cease, collapse, come, concede, crack, dawn, decide, defeat, disappear, drop, emerge, end, find, finish, fulfil, gain, get, give, halt, heal, incorporate, leave, make, manage, notice, overcome, persuade, prevail, provoke, reach, realize, recognize, regain, reject, release, resolve, reward, say, settle, snap, solve, split, spot, subside, succeed, succumb, surrender, triumph, turn, win.

financially -D VERBS: aid, back, benefit, compensate, contribute, cripple, lose, manage, penalize, ruin, struggle, succeed, support. ADJECTIVES: accountable, advantageous, assist, astute, benefit, committed, control, dependent, disadvantaged, disastrous, embarrassed, exhausted, feasible, gain, healthy, help, impossible, indefensible, insecure, justified, liable, privileged, profitable, responsible, rewarding, secure, self-sufficient, sound, stable, succeed, support, troubled, viable.

fine -A VERBS: cut sth, do, fit sb, go, suit sb.

finely -C VERBS: adjust, balance, chop, crush, dice, engineer, grate, grind, hone, judge, mince, shred, sift, slice, tune. ADJECTIVES: balanced, carved, chopped, crafted, detailed,

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firmly -D

96

developed, grated, poised, tailored, tuned.

firmly -D VERBS: act, adhere, align, anchor, attach, back, base, believe, bolt, clamp, cling, close, clutch, conclude, control, decide, declare, deny, discourage, endorse, establish, fasten, fix, focus, glue, grasp, grip, ground, guide, hold, insist, kiss, link, massage, offer, oppose, pin, pinch, place, plant, position, press, push, reject, reply, repress, resist, rule, say, screw, seal, secure, shake, stand, state, stick, strap, strike, subordinate, suppress, tape, tell, tie, tuck, uphold, warn, wedge, wrap. ADJECTIVES: attached, closed, committed, convinced, embedded, fixed, opposed, rooted, shut, stuck, united.

fitfully -D VERBS: doze, sleep, slumber.

flat -A VERBS: lay, lie, tell. ADJECTIVES: broke.

flatly -D VERBS: ask, contradict, deny, echo, oppose, refuse, reject, reply, respond, retort, say, speak, state, tell.

fleetingly -D VERBS: glimpse, meet, think, visit, wonder.

fondly -D VERBS: believe, gaze, hope, imagine, recall, remember, smile, speak, think, write.

forcefully -D VERBS: approach, argue, assert, attack, deny, oppose, remind, respond, speak.

forcibly -D VERBS: deport, eject, enter, evict, expel, incorporate, prevent, put,

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97

frantically -D

rape, remind, remove, repatriate, restrain, return, strike.

forever -BB VERBS: change, disappear, go, last, live, lose, remain, stay, take, vanish, wait.

formally -D VERBS: abandon, acknowledge, adopt, annex, announce, appoint, approve, ask, ban, bow, called, charge, clear, declare, define, denounce, deny, designate, dissolve, dress, elect, end, endorse, establish, file, greet, hand, identify, inaugurate, initiate, introduce, issue, know, launch, nominate, notify, open, order, organize, present, proclaim, protest, recognize, register, reject, request, resign, restore, say, seal, set, separate, sign, split, state, submit, surrender, test, transfer, unveil, vote, welcome, withdraw. ADJECTIVES: distinct, educated, identical, organized, polite, responsible, subordinate, trained.

formerly -BB VERBS: called, hold, known as, occupy, own, rule, use. ADJECTIVES: secret.

forward(s) -C VERBS: crawl, dash, ease, face, go, jerk, lean, leap, lurch, march, move, pitch, plunge, press, roll, sag, shuffle, slide, slump, spring, stagger, step, strain, stretch, stride, stumble, sway, thrust, tilt, walk.

fractionally -D VERBS: increase, hesitate, higher, lift, lower, narrow, tighten.

frankly -CC VERBS: admit, speak. ADJECTIVES: absurd, baffled, curious, impossible.

frantically -D VERBS: act, attempt, bark, beat, dash, kick, pack up, paddle, race, rush, scramble, search, signal, stuff, think, try, wave.

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free

98

ADJECTIVES: busy.

free VERBS: be, become, break, come, cut sb/sth, deliver, distribute, feel, get, keep sth, leave sb, let sb/sth, look, provide, pull sb/sth, pull, remain, roam, seem, set sb/sth, stay, supply, walk, wriggle.

freely -BB VERBS: acknowledge, admit, apply, borrow, breathe, choose, circulate, confess, consent, elect, express, float, flow, give, laugh, mingle, mix, move, negotiate, roam, rotate, run, speak, spend, spin, talk, trade, translate, travel, use, wander. ADJECTIVES: accessible, available, mobile, soluble, transferable.

freezing ADJECTIVES: cold.

frequently -AA VERBS: appear, ask, call, cite, criticize, employ, encounter, find, hear, mention, occur, overlook, quote, recur, refer, referred, remind, use. ADJECTIVES: used.

freshly -CC VERBS: bake, cook, dig, grate, grind, make, paint, pick. ADJECTIVES: baked, chopped, cooked, ground, polished, prepared, squeezed.

full-time -C VERBS: study, teach, work.

fully -AA VERBS: accept, accord, account, acknowledge, address, adhere, agree, align, analyze, answer, appreciate, articulate, assess, assimilate, back, become, book, brief, clarify, clothe, commit, compensate, comply, comprehend, concentrate, concur, conform, contribute, cooperate, cost, deal, debate, define, describe, deserve,

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99

fundamentally -C

develop, digest, disclose, discuss, dress, embrace, enclose, endorse, enforce, engage, equip, evaluate, examine, excavate, expect, explain, exploit, explore, expose, express, focus, formulate, fund, grasp, grow, harness, illustrate, immerse, implement, incorporate, inflate, inform, integrate, intend, investigate, justify, master, mature, occupy, participate, pay, penetrate, prepare, protect, qualify, realize, recognize, recover, register, reimburse, repay, research, resolve, restore, review, revise, safeguard, satisfy, scrutinize, service, shake, share, specify, spell, staff, stock, stretch, study, subscribe, supervise, support, sympathize, test, trust, understand, update, utilize, vet. ADJECTIVES: absorbed, acceptable, accessible, accountable, acquainted, adjustable, alert, alive, apparent, armed, armoured, attainable, automatic, autonomous, awake, aware, bilingual, capable, carpeted, centralized, charged, clad, clothed, committed, compatible, competent, comprehensible, comprehensive, confident, conscious, consistent, convinced, credible, democratic, detachable, detailed, developed, domesticated, dynamic, educated, effective, efficient, engaged, erect, experienced, explicit, exposed, familiar, fit, fledged, flexible, furnished, grown, inclusive, indefensible, independent, informed, insured, interactive, interchangeable, justified, laden, liable, lined, literate, loaded, mature, mobile, occupied, open, operational, operative, organic, portable, professional, proficient, proven, qualified, rational, representative, responsible, responsive, ripe, rounded, satisfactory, satisfied, skilled, submerged, supportive, symmetrical, taxable, trained, transferable, transparent, united, upright, up-to-date, visible.

functionally -D VERBS: analyze, assess. ADJECTIVES: designed, different, equivalent, illiterate, important, related, responsible, significant.

fundamentally -C VERBS: alter, change, differ, disagree, oppose, reform, remain, transform. ADJECTIVES: correct, different, dishonest, distinct, dynamic, flawed, healthy, important, impractical, incompatible, misguided, opposed, related, religious, sound, unchanged, weak, wrong.

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furiously -D

100

furiously -D VERBS: argue, bark, blush, bubble, debate, demand, glare, hiss, nod, paddle, puff, quarrel, retort, say, scribble, shout, struggle, type, wag, whisper, yell. ADJECTIVES: angry, jealous.

further -D VERBS: aggravate, clarify, complicate, confuse, contribute, curtail, decline, defer, delay, demonstrate, develop, deteriorate, discuss, drop, elaborate, enhance, enquire, erode, exaggerate, examine, expand, exploit, explore, facilitate, fall, go, heighten, intensify, investigate, press, probe, progress, pursue, question, recede, reduce, refine, reinforce, restrict, retreat, reward, rise, shrink, stimulate, strengthen, talk, travel, underline, undermine, venture, walk, weaken. ADJECTIVES: advanced, disadvantaged, inflamed.

further afield VERBS: explore, wander.

***

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gently -A

101

G gaily -D

VERBS: call, chatter, decorate, greet, laugh, sing, talk, twinkle, paint, wave. ADJECTIVES: coloured, decorated, -lit (lighted), painted.

generally -AA VERBS: accept, acknowledge, agree, become, believe, confine, consider, employ, exceed, find, hold, ignore, imply, know, observe, overlook, permit, prefer, refer, regard, speak, term, translate, use. ADJECTIVES: acceptable, accepted, accurate, available, conservative, excellent, favourable, healthy, helpful, hostile, impossible, inadequate, inefficient, low, negative, optimistic, pessimistic, positive, satisfactory, satisfied, supportive, sympathetic, unable, unaware, unpopular, useful.

generously -D VERBS: butter, contribute, donate, fund, give, help, offer, respond, reward, space, splash, spread, supply, support, tip.

genetically -D VERBS: change, control, manipulate, modify, test, transmit, vary. ADJECTIVES: susceptible.

determined,

different,

identical,

inherited,

gently -A VERBS: ascend, ask, blow, bob, breathe, brush, caress, clean, cleanse, coax, cook, cradle, curve, descend, dip, drop, ease, flap, float, fold, fry, grip, guide, heat, hiss, hug, incline, insert, insist, kiss, lap, laugh, lay, lift, massage, mix, mock, move, murmur, nod, nudge, pat, patter, persuade, pinch, place, press, probe, pull, push, rap, rebuke, remind, replace, reply, reprimand, rest, ripple, rock, rotate, rub, say, scold, scrape, shake, shelve, simmer, sing, slap, slide, slope, smile, smooth, snore, squeeze, stir, stretch, stroke, sway, swing, tap, tease, toss, touch, tread, tuck, tug, twist, vibrate, waft, wake, warm,

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genuinely -C

102

wash, wave, whip, wipe, withdraw. ADJECTIVES: rounded.

genuinely -C VERBS: care, embrace, fear, want. ADJECTIVES: afraid, amazed, amused, anxious, committed, concerned, creative, curious, delighted, democratic, enthusiastic, equal, fond, friendly, frightening, funny, grateful, happy, ill, impressed, indefensible, interested, modest, mystified, needy, perplexed, pleased, popular, puzzled, radical, shocked, sorry, spontaneous, suited, surprised, sympathetic, tragic, unable, upset, useful, warm.

geographically -D VERBS: define, disperse, distribute, locate, spread, vary. ADJECTIVES: concentrated, distant, distinct, isolated, mobile, remote, scattered, separate.

gladly -D VERBS: accept, give, greet, meet, pay, react, retire, say, stop, tolerate.

glaringly -D ADJECTIVES: apparent, clear, exposed, obvious, plain.

gloomily -D VERBS: picture, reflect, shake, stare, think.

glumly -D VERBS: nod, silent, stare, think.

gracefully -D VERBS: accept, apologize, behave, dance, move, pose, refuse, rise to your feet, sink, sketch, slide.

graciously -D VERBS: accept, apologize, bend forward, incline your head.

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103

greatly -BB

gradually -A VERBS: absorb, accumulate, add, adjust, become, begin, build, cease, change, climb, come, cut, dawn, decline, decrease, descend, deteriorate, develop, disappear, dissolve, dwindle, ease, emerge, erode, evolve, expand, extend, fade, fall, fill, gain, get, grow, heal, improve, incorporate, increase, introduce, learn, lessen, lose, modify, mount, move, overcome, pour, recede, recover, reduce, regain, relax, replace, rise, seep, shift, shrink, slow, spread, stir, strengthen, subside, take, transfer, transform, turn, undermine, wane, warm, weaken, wean, widen, withdraw.

grammatically -D ADJECTIVES: acceptable, correct, incorrect, perfect.

grandly -D VERBS: declare, name, say. ADJECTIVES: furnished.

graphically -D VERBS: depict, describe, demonstrate, document, highlight, illustrate, portray, present, record, represent, show.

gratefully -D VERBS: accept, acknowledge, nod, receive, seize, sink, sip, smile, thank.

gravely -D VERBS: agree, doubt, impair, listen, look, mistake, nod, offend, risk, say, tell, threaten, wound. ADJECTIVES: concerned, damaging, ill, injured, mistaken.

greatly -BB VERBS: accelerate, add, admire, advance, affect, age, aggravate, alleviate, alter, amuse, anger, appreciate, assist, benefit, boost, change, cheer, comfort, complicate, contribute, curb, depend, desire, differ, diminish, dislike, disturb, ease, encourage, endanger, enhance, enjoy, enlarge, envy, exaggerate, exceed, expand, extend, facilitate, fear, hamper, heighten, help, hinder, illuminate, impair,

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greedily -D

104

impede, impress, improve, inconvenience, increase, influence, intensify, interest, lessen, magnify, miss, modify, offend, outnumber, outweigh, overestimate, prefer, reduce, regret, reinforce, relieve, resemble, resent, respect, restrict, sadden, simplify, stimulate, stir, strengthen, suffer, surprise, trouble, underestimate, undermine, value, vary, weaken, welcome, widen. ADJECTIVES: advanced, alarmed, amused, concerned, delighted, dependent, disadvantaged, disappointed, disturbed, enhanced, honoured, impressed, improved, increased, indebted, inferior, inflated, interested, preferable, reduced, relieved, shocked, superior, surprised, touched, troubled, upset.

greedily -D VERBS: devour, drink, eat, eye, grab, gulp.

grimly -D VERBS: laugh, mutter, nod, reply, retort, say, smile, stare, think. ADJECTIVES: determined, realistic, silent.

grossly -D VERBS: disfigure, distort, exaggerate, misinterpret, misrepresent, misuse, neglect, overestimate, simplify, underestimate, violate. ADJECTIVES: disproportionate, excessive, exorbitant, fat, ignorant, inaccurate, inadequate, incompetent, indecent, inefficient, inflated, irresponsible, misleading, neglected, negligent, offensive, overcrowded, overweight, simplistic, swollen, unfair, unreasonable.

grotesquely -D VERBS: imitate, perform, portray. ADJECTIVES: comic, inappropriate, shaped.

grudgingly -D VERBS: admire, admit, agree, concede, hand, tolerate.

gruffly -D VERBS: behave, mutter, reply, say.

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105

guiltily -D VERBS: blush, flush, leap, think.

***

guiltily -D

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halfway -CC

H

106

.

halfway -CC VERBS: go, leave. ADJECTIVES: decent.

handsomely -D VERBS: contribute, illustrate, pay, restore, reward, win.

happily -B VERBS: accept, agree, beam, blend, chat, chatter, end, grin, hum, laugh, live, marry, mix, nod, play, say, settle, sigh, sing, sink, skip, smile, splash, take, trot, wander, wave. ADJECTIVES: engrossed, married, occupied, settled.

hard -A VERBS: accelerate, bang, bargain, bash, battle, bite, blink, blow, brake, breathe, campaign, clamp, concentrate, fight, grip, hit, kick, kiss, listen, lobby, look, play, ponder, practise, pray, press, prune, puff, pull, punch, push, put, rain, ram, ride, rub, shove, slam, slap, smack, snow, squeeze, stamp, stare, strain, strike, strive, struggle, study, swallow, tackle, think, thrust, thud, thump, train, try, tug, win, wish, work.

hardly -AA VERBS: affect, afford, bear, believe, blame, care, change, cover, dare, deserve, deter, endear, expect, figure, flinch, glance, hear, imagine, impinge, justify, know, logical, look, matter, mention, merit, move, need, notice, pause, penetrate, qualify, recognize, recover, register, see, seem, show, sleep, slow, solve, spare, speak, stir, summon, suppress, surprise, survive, touch, trouble, vary, wait, warrant. ADJECTIVES: able, adequate, audible, awake, aware, bearable, believable, capable, cheap, comforting, compatible, conclusive, conducive, conscious, convincing, credible, crucial, distinguishable, dry, encouraging, fair, feasible, flattering, imaginable, impressive,

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107

heavily -AA

inspiring, justified, likely, literate, logical, noticeable, perceptible, plausible, practical, promising, reassuring, recognizable, relevant, sensible, straightforward, sufficient, suitable, suited, surprised, surprising, true, unique, unusual, visible.

harmoniously -D VERBS: blend, integrate, live.

harshly -D VERBS: criticize, demand, grate, interrupt, judge, laugh, mutter, punish, retort, say, speak, treat. ADJECTIVES: critical.

hastily -D VERBS: abandon, act, add, arrange, assemble, avert, back, clear, erect, gather, improvise, push, reply, retreat, say, step, stuff, summon, swallow, wipe, withdraw, write.

head first VERBS: dive, plunge.

headlong -D VERBS: charge, dive, fall, hurl, pitch, plunge, run, rush.

head-on -D VERBS: collide, crash, deal with a problem, face, hit, meet, smash, tackle.

heartily -D VERBS: agree, approve, dislike, eat, endorse, laugh, recommend, welcome, wish. ADJECTIVES: glad, sick, tired.

heavily -AA VERBS: accent, advertise, arm, bear, become, bleed, bomb, bombard, borrow, brake, breathe, build, censor, coat, colour, concentrate, contribute, criticized, criticize, defeat, depend, deplete, draw, drink, drop, embroider, exploit, fall, farm, feature,

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helplessly -D

108

fine, focus, frown, guard, hit, illustrate, implicate, imply, influence, invest, involve, land, lean, limp, lose, market, modify, outnumber, outweigh, pad, pant, penalize, perspire, polluted, pollute, populate, promote, prune, rain, reinforce, relied, rely, rest, revise, roll, scowl, sigh, sleep, slump, smoke, snow, spend, stress, subsidize, swing, tax, thump, tread, underline, use, utilize, weigh. ADJECTIVES: armed, armoured, asleep, biased, committed, concentrated, congested, dependent, engaged, exposed, fortified, indebted, infected, infested, insulated, involved, ironic, laden, lined, loaded, marked, masculine, overcast, overweight, patterned, populated, pregnant, qualified, reliant, restricted, scented, symbolic.

helplessly -D VERBS: cry, drift, exclaim, flail, gesture, giggle, laugh, look, pin, repeat, shake, shrug, slide, slither, stare, thrash, tremble, wail, watch.

helpfully -D VERBS: advise, hint, offer, provide, suggest.

hesitantly -D VERBS: approach, come forward, conclude, reply, smile, speak.

hideously -D VERBS: scar. ADJECTIVES: charred, dressed, drunk, expensive, fat, misshapen, scarred, swollen, ugly.

hierarchically -D VERBS: order, structure. ADJECTIVES: organized, structured.

high -AAA VERBS: bounce, climb, fly, hit, leap, rank, soar.

highly -AA VERBS: become, charge, correlate, develop, dilute, educate,

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109

highly -AA

feature, magnify, motivate, organize, pay, place, praise, price, prize, publicize, qualify, rank, rate, recommend, regard, remain, respect, reward, score, seem, speak, specialize, string, structure, train, value. ADJECTIVES: abstract, acceptable, accessible, accomplished, accurate, active, adaptable, addictive, adept, advanced, advantageous, aggressive, agitated, ambiguous, ambitious, ambivalent, amenable, amused, amusing, articulate, artificial, authoritarian, beneficial, bureaucratic, capable, cautious, centralized, characteristic, charged, coloured, commendable, committed, compatible, competent, competitive, complex, complicated, complimentary, concentrated, conducive, confidential, confused, confusing, congested, conscious, conservative, consistent, conspicuous, contagious, contentious, contrived, controversial, convenient, conventional, corrosive, courageous, creative, credible, creditable, critical, culpable, cultivated, cultured, damaging, dangerous, debatable, deceptive, decorative, dedicated, delighted, demanding, dependent, descriptive, desirable, destructive, detailed, detrimental, developed, disconcerting, disorganized, disreputable, disruptive, distasteful, distinctive, distressing, diverse, doubtful, dramatic, dubious, dynamic, eccentric, economical, educated, effective, efficient, elaborate, embarrassed, embarrassing, emotional, emotive, encouraging, energetic, enigmatic, entertaining, enthusiastic, erotic, exceptional, excitable, excited, expensive, experienced, explicit, explosive, exposed, expressive, fashionable, favourable, fertile, flavoured, flexible, fluid, gifted, gregarious, hazardous, honoured, illegal, illuminating, imaginative, imperfect, impertinent, implausible, impracticable, impractical, impressionable, impressive, improbable, improper, inadvisable, inappropriate, inconsistent, inconvenient, indebted, indignant, ineffective, inefficient, infectious, inflamed, inflammable, inflexible, influential, informal, informative, ingenious, inquisitive, insensitive, insoluble, instructive, instrumental, insulting, intelligent, intensive, interactive, interesting, intolerant, intricate, intriguing, intuitive, inventive, irregular, irresponsible, knowledgeable, likely, limited, literate, logical, marketable, militant, misleading, mobile, motivated, nervous, nutritious, observant, offensive, optical, optimistic, organized, original, ornamental, ornate, orthodox, paid, patterned, perceptive, perishable, permissive, personal, persuasive, pertinent, plausible, pleasurable, poisonous, polarized, polished, polluted, popular, populated, portable, positive, potent, practical, pragmatic, predictable, prestigious, privileged,

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historically -C

110

probable, productive, professional, profitable, progressive, prolific, promising, prone, prophetic, protective, provocative, qualified, questionable, radioactive, rational, reactionary, readable, reflective, refreshing, regrettable, regular, relevant, reliable, reliant, religious, reminiscent, repetitive, reputable, resilient, resistant, resourceful, respectable, responsible, responsive, restricted, restrictive, revealing, rewarding, risky, romantic, satisfactory, satisfying, scented, sceptical, scientific, secret, secretive, selective, selfconscious, sensitive, significant, simplistic, skilful, skilled, soluble, sophisticated, specialized, specific, speculative, stable, stressful, subjective, successful, suggestive, suitable, supportive, susceptible, suspect, suspicious, symbolic, symmetrical, sympathetic, talented, technical, temperamental, theoretical, toxic, trained, transferable, typical, uncertain, undesirable, unlikely, unnatural, unorthodox, unpleasant, unpopular, unstable, unsuitable, unusual, useful, valuable, variable, varied, venomous, versatile, visible, vocal, volatile, vulnerable.

historically -C VERBS: trace, vary. ADJECTIVES: accurate, distinct, important, inaccurate, inevitable, interesting, unprecedented.

hitherto -C VERBS: hold, neglect, regard, rule. ADJECTIVES: impossible, neglected, secret, separate, unheard-of, unknown, unnoticed, unthinkable.

hoarsely -D VERBS: laugh, mutter, shout, whisper.

hollowly -D VERBS: echo, laugh.

home -A VERBS: arrive, bring, come, drive, fly, get, go, hammer, head, hit, order, press, push, reach, return, ride, run, rush, send, stay, strike, travel, trudge, walk, write.

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111

hugely -D

honestly -BB VERBS: admit, answer, believe, expect, not know, reply, say, think.

honourably -D VERBS: agree, arrange, behave, conduct, discharge.

hopefully -BB VERBS: ask, enquire, look, say.

hopelessly -D VERBS: divide, mismanage, outnumber, stare, walk. ADJECTIVES: addicted, biased, bogged down, confused, confusing, congested, dated, disorganized, drunk, entangled, fall in love, flawed, impractical, inaccurate, inadequate, inarticulate, incompetent, inefficient, inexperienced, lost, muddled, optimistic, romantic, tangled, vague.

horizontally -D VERBS: align, excavate, mount, throw.

horribly -D VERBS: mutilate. ADJECTIVES: afraid, aware, conspicuous, drunk, empty, expensive, false, familiar, go wrong, gruesome, mangled, scarred, self-conscious, sick, sticky, swollen.

hotly -D VERBS: blush, contest, debate, defend, deny, dispute. ADJECTIVES: contested, pursued.

hugely -D VERBS: admire, enjoy, expand, magnify, yawn. ADJECTIVES: ambitious, complex, disappointed, disappointing, entertaining, expensive, fat, important, impressive, inflated, popular, profitable, relieved, successful, talented.

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humanely -D

112

humanely -D VERBS: destroy, slaughter, treat.

humourlessly -D VERBS: laugh, serious, smile.

humbly -D VERBS: apologize, beg, express regret.

hungrily -D VERBS: devour, eat, eye, kiss.

hurriedly -D VERBS: arrange, back, dress, eat, have dinner/lunch/breakfast, make notes, push, reply, say.

huskily -D VERBS: breathe, murmur, mutter, say, whisper.

hysterically -D VERBS: cry, giggle, laugh, ring off, scream, shout, sob, yell. ADJECTIVES: funny.

***

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113

I

immaculately -D

ideally -CC VERBS: locate, place, position, situated, suit. ADJECTIVES: qualified, situated, suited.

icily -D VERBS: ask, reply, say, stare.

ideologically -D VERBS: oppose, separate. ADJECTIVES: bankrupt, biased, committed, correct, inspired, loaded, motivated, neutral, sound.

idly -D VERBS: chat, chatter, flick through (a magazine etc), glance, gossip, lie, pick, remark, sip, speculate, stand, stand by, talk, watch, wonder. ADJECTIVES: curious.

ill -A VERBS: afford, -treat. ADJECTIVES: -advised, -conceived, -defined, -educated, -equipped, -informed, -mannered, -prepared, -tempered.

illegally -D VERBS: act, annex, buy, copy, dump, enter, execute, export, import, park, possess, rule, slaughter, trade, use. ADJECTIVES: occupied.

immaculately -D VERBS: dress, perform, precise. ADJECTIVES: dressed, groomed, tailored, tidy.

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immediately -AA

114

immediately -AA VERBS: act, burst, cease, confront, contact, declare, deny, dispose of, draw, embark, follow, hand, inform, issue, leap, notice, notify, obey, order, perceive, precede, produce, provoke, react, recognize, regret, reject, release, replace, reply, resolve, respond, reward, rule, rush, seize, serve, start, stop, strike, surrender, surround, suspend, take effect, transfer, withdraw. ADJECTIVES: accessible, alert, apparent, appealing, effective, evident, familiar, forthcoming, helpful, impressed, intelligible, noticeable, obvious, payable, recognizable, relevant, responsive, striking, suspicious, visible.

immeasurably -D VERBS: help, improve, strengthen, suffer.

immensely -D VERBS: enjoy, relieved. ADJECTIVES: complex, complicated, damaging, detailed, difficult, encouraging, enthusiastic, exciting, expensive, experienced, fat, flattered, fond, gifted, grateful, helpful, important, impressed, impressive, interesting, likeable, pleased, popular, powerful, profitable, prolific, proud, readable, reassuring, relieved, rewarding, rich, sad, satisfying, strong, sympathetic, talented, valuable, varied, warm, wealthy.

impassively -D VERBS: listen, look, sit, stare, study sb, watch.

impatiently -D VERBS: answer, gesture, hover, interrupt, say, shake, shift, shrug, sigh, snap, snort, stamp, wait.

impeccably -D VERBS: behave, dress. ADJECTIVES: dressed, educated, groomed, tasteful.

implicitly -D VERBS: acknowledge, assume, believe, criticize, deny, endorse,

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115

increasingly -AA

reinforce, threaten, trust.

implacably -D VERBS: oppose. ADJECTIVES: hostile, opposed.

impossibly -D ADJECTIVES: blue, difficult, elegant, expensive, far-fetched, handsome, perfect, remote, single-minded, steep, thin.

improperly -D VERBS: act, behave, dress, use. ADJECTIVES: dressed.

inadequately -D VERBS: fund, house, know, prepare, protect, prove, provide, respond, staff, supervise. ADJECTIVES: heated, insured, trained.

inadvertently -D VERBS: cheer, contaminate, delete, mention, omit, promote, push, spread, succeed, support, touch.

incessantly -D VERBS: buzz, complain, quarrel, rain, talk.

incoherently -D VERBS: answer, mumble, mutter.

incorrectly -D VERBS: answer, assume, diagnose, guess, identify, inform, name, spell, say, state, think.

increasingly -AA VERBS: absorb, become, come, confine, dominate, feel, focus, grow, influence, look, refine, rely, seem, threaten, undermine, use, value. ADJECTIVES: abstract, active, aggressive, agitated, alarmed, angry,

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incredibly

116

annoyed, anxious, apparent, artificial, attached, authoritarian, aware, bad-tempered, bizarre, bleak, centralized, chaotic, clear, common, competitive, complex, complicated, comprehensive, concentrated, concerned, confident, confused, conscious, conservative, convinced, costly, critical, crowded, dangerous, dependent, depressed, desperate, detailed, difficult, disillusioned, dissatisfied, distant, diverse, dominant, doubtful, dynamic, effective, efficient, elaborate, embarrassing, erratic, estranged, evident, excited, expensive, explicit, exposed, familiar, fantastic, fashionable, frail, frantic, frequent, frustrated, frustrating, harsh, homogeneous, hostile, impatient, important, inadequate, inappropriate, inclined, incompatible, indefensible, insecure, intensive, interested, intolerable, intrusive, irrational, irrelevant, irritated, isolated, likely, limited, marked, meaningless, militant, mobile, narrow, nationalistic, nervous, numerous, obsolete, obvious, painful, pessimistic, plain, polarized, popular, powerful, preoccupied, professional, prominent, prone, radical, rare, reliant, reluctant, remote, resentful, restricted, restrictive, risky, savage, scarce, sceptical, selective, sensitive, severe, skilled, sophisticated, specialized, steep, sterile, strained, subject, superficial, suspect, suspicious, tense, threatening, tight, unable, uncertain, uncomfortable, uneasy, unhappy, unlikely, unpopular, unstable, urgent, valuable, variable, varied, vicious, violent, vocal, volatile, vulnerable, wary.

incredibly ADJECTIVES: ancient, beautiful, big, boring, brave, bright, cheap, cheerful, clever, comfortable, complex, complicated, courageous, dangerous, difficult, easy, efficient, enthusiastic, exciting, expensive, fast, foolish, frustrating, generous, guilty, handsome, hot, insensitive, intelligent, intense, interesting, lazy, naïve, nice, optimistic, patient, persistent, popular, powerful, prolific, rich, romantic, selfish, sexy, silly, slow, smooth, smug, soft, steep, supportive, swift, talented, tedious, tense, thin, tough, ugly, uncomfortable, wealthy.

incredulously -D VERBS: ask, echo, laugh, look, stare.

incurably -D ADJECTIVES: ill, inquisitive, romantic, sick.

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117

inexorably -D

indefinitely -D VERBS: adjourn, continue, defer, extend, last, multiply, persist, postpone, prolong, put off, repeat, stay, suspend, sustain. ADJECTIVES: large.

indelibly -D VERBS: imprint, mark, print.

independently -D VERBS: advise, conduct, evolve, exist, function, fund, inquire, live, make a discovery, operate, organize, run, produce, study, think, travel, work. ADJECTIVES: organized.

indignantly -D VERBS: cry, demand, deny, exclaim, protest, reject, reply, say, snort, shout, think, write.

indirectly -D VERBS: affect, comment, contact, contribute, elect, employ, impinge, influence, lead, light, promote, responsible, tax. ADJECTIVES: related, relevant, responsible.

individually -C VERBS: negotiate, tailor, wrap. ADJECTIVES: responsible.

indoors -C VERBS: come, go, keep, stay.

industrially -D VERBS: develop, expand, grow, produce, refine, use. ADJECTIVES: advanced, orientated.

inexorably -D VERBS: decline, draw, inexorably, lead to, link, march, rise.

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inextricably -D

118

inextricably -D VERBS: intertwined, linked, tie, weave. ADJECTIVES: bound up, mixed, related.

inevitably -BB VERBS: affect, arise, become, bring, cause, come, create, delay, draw, end, entail, fall, find, focus, follow, influence, involve, lead, link, mean, provoke, raise, result, vary. ADJECTIVES: bound, doomed, incompetent, limited, partial, subjective, uncertain.

infinitely -D VERBS: prefer. ADJECTIVES: better, complex, depressing, desirable, divisible, great, grateful, ill, large, more comfortable, preferable, remote, seductive, small, subtle, superior, variable, varied.

informally -D VERBS: agree, approach, arrange, chat, contact, discuss, dress, interview, meet, settle.

inherently -D ADJECTIVES: biased, contradictory, dangerous, desirable, difficult, evil, implausible, improbable, incapable, inefficient, interesting, limited, masculine, paradoxical, risky, subversive, superior, unacceptable, uncertain, unlikely, unstable, vague, valuable, weak, wrong.

initially -A VERBS: appear, develop, focus, oppose, propose, refuse, report, resist, seem, set, think, use, welcome.

inordinately -D ADJECTIVES: expensive, fond (of), pleased, proud.

ironically -D VERBS: comment, murmur, name, remark, reply, say, use.

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119

intensely -D

inside -D VERBS: come, get, go, look, peer, push, reach, stay, step, tremble, turn.

instinctively -D VERBS: dislike, feel, know, react, recoil, reject, respond, understand. ADJECTIVES: conservative, wary.

instantly -BBB VERBS: become, burst, die, fall, feel, forget, kill, know, obey, react, recognized, recognize, regret, reject, respond, see, silence, suppress, vanish, withdraw. ADJECTIVES: alert, apparent, ashamed, available, familiar, impressed, popular, recognizable, suspicious.

instead -AA VERBS: choose, concentrate, like, prefer, use.

intellectually -D VERBS: challenge, grow ADJECTIVES: challenging, demanding, dishonest, gifted, inferior, respectable, rewarding, sophisticated, stimulating, superior, taxing.

intelligently -D VERBS: discuss, nod, plan, respond, use. ADJECTIVES: written.

intensely -D VERBS: annoy, compete, concentrate, debate, dislike, irritate, oppose, scrutinize, speculate. ADJECTIVES: alive, bright, claustrophobic, competitive, conscious, curious, desirable, dramatic, embarrassing, frustrating, hot, interested, interesting, irritating, lyrical, miserable, moving, nationalistic, painful, patriotic, personal, pleasurable, possessive, practical, proud, romantic, sad, vulnerable.

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intensively -D

120

intensively -D VERBS: cultivate, farm, intensively, rear, study, train, treat, work.

intentionally -D VERBS: act, ignore, promote. ADJECTIVES: ambiguous, homeless, shocking, vague.

intently -D VERBS: concentrate, gaze, listen, look, observe, peer, regard, stare, study, watch.

internationally -C VERBS: compete, expand, know, recognize, supervise. ADJECTIVES: celebrated, competitive, famous, important, known, mobile, popular, recognized, renowned.

internally -D VERBS: audit, control, deal with, examine, generate, investigate. ADJECTIVES: inconsistent.

consistent,

contradictory,

homogeneous,

intimately -D VERBS: connect, interact, know, link, tie. ADJECTIVES: acquainted, bound, concerned, connected, familiar, involved, related.

intricately -D VERBS: decorate, weave. ADJECTIVES: carved, engraved, patterned, woven.

intrinsically -D VERBS: link. ADJECTIVES: bound, evil, good, harmful, honest, improbable, inferior, interesting, masculine, rewarding, superior, valuable.

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121

irritably -D

intuitively -D VERBS: know, sense, understand. ADJECTIVES: obvious, plausible.

invariably -CC VERBS: end, find, involve, lead, mean, take. ADJECTIVES: courteous, fatal, helpful.

inversely -D VERBS: correlate, vary. ADJECTIVES: proportional, related.

involuntarily -D VERBS: clench, gasp, jump, move, shiver, shudder, stray, tighten, tremble, twitch, yell. ADJECTIVES: unemployed.

inwardly -D VERBS: curse, flinch, fume, groan, rage, relieved, seethe, shudder, sigh, wince. ADJECTIVES: enraged, furious.

irresistibly -D VERBS: attracted, drawn (to). ADJECTIVES: reminiscent.

irrevocably -D VERBS: alter, change. ADJECTIVES: committed, fixed.

irritably -D VERBS: answer, demand, mutter, say, shrug, snap, think, wonder.

***

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jealously -D

J

122

jealously -D VERBS: guard, preserve, protect, watch. ADJECTIVES: guarded.

jointly -D VERBS: administer, award, charge, finance, fund, head, host, issue, negotiate, organize, own, register, run. ADJECTIVES: developed, liable, owned, responsible.

(half-)jokingly -D VERBS: refer, remark, suggest.

justifiably -D VERBS: claim, criticize, punish. ADJECTIVES: angry, proud.

justly -D VERBS: deal with, deserve, observe, punish, reward, rule. ADJECTIVES: celebrated, famous, indignant, proud.

***

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K

123

kindly -CC

keenly -D VERBS: await, compete, contest, eye, seek, sense. ADJECTIVES: alive, aware, interested, sensitive.

kindly -CC VERBS: agree, consent, dispose, inform, lend, oblige, offer, provide, say, smile, supply, take, treat, volunteer. ADJECTIVES: disposed.

***

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lamely -D

L

124

lamely -D VERBS: agree, explain, repeat, say.

lamentably -D ADJECTIVES: few, ignorant, weak.

largely -AA VERBS: abandon, abolish, aim, attribute, base, based, cease, confine, consist, contribute, cut, depend, derive, destroy, determine, disappear, dominate, eliminate, exclude, feature, figure, finance, focus, fund, ignore, incorporate, influence, neglect, obscure, offset, oppose, overcome, overlook, rebuild, rely, remain, replace, shape, solve, subordinate, succeed, waste. ADJECTIVES: absent, academic, accurate, aloof, autonomous, barren, bogus, ceremonial, coincidental, composed, concentrated, concerned, conservative, consistent, conventional, correct, cosmetic, dependent, descriptive, deserted, detached, devoid, due, empty, engaged, enthusiastic, explicable, factual, fictitious, formal, fruitless, futile, groundless, homogeneous, ignorant, illiterate, immune, impervious, inaccessible, inaudible, incapable, incompatible, incomprehensible, inconclusive, indefensible, indifferent, ineffective, insensitive, instrumental, insulated, intact, invisible, irrelevant, isolated, male, meaningless, misplaced, negative, neglected, obscure, obsolete, opposed, peaceful, pragmatic, predictable, preventable, redundant, related, reliant, responsible, rural, secular, self-contained, self-evident, self-sufficient, separate, silent, static, sterile, subjective, superficial, supportive, symbolic, sympathetic, synonymous, theoretical, unaffected, unaware, unbroken, unchanged, unconscious, unfounded, unintelligible, united, unknown, unmoved, unnecessary, unnoticed, unscathed, useless, voluntary.

late -AAA VERBS: arrive, awaken, come, detect, rise, run, sleep, stay, wake, work.

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125

lightly -BB

lately -CC VERBS: become, come.

later -AAA VERBS: emerge, regret.

lavishly -D VERBS: decorate, entertain, equip, illustrate, praise, spend. ADJECTIVES: decorated, illustrated.

lawfully -D VERBS: elect, exercise. ADJECTIVES: married, -wedded.

lazily -D VERBS: drawl, lean, stretch, sway.

legally -C VERBS: act, adopt, advise, aid, allow, become, bind, define, dump, elect, enforce, hold, import, oblige, permit, prescribe, recognize, register, represent, require, sanction, separate. ADJECTIVES: binding, correct, effective, enforceable, justified, liable, married, obligatory, obliged, permissible, qualified, responsible, united, valid.

legitimately -D VERBS: ask, complain, elect, enter (a country etc), regard, use. ADJECTIVES: -elected.

liberally -D VERBS: apply, interfere, interpret, smear, spatter, splash, spread, sprinkle, supply. ADJECTIVES: inclined, scattered.

lightly -BB VERBS: arm, beat, brush, butter, caress, clasp, coat, colored, dip,

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likewise -CC

126

dismiss, drop, flour, fry, grip, kiss, land, laugh, lean, link, massage, pad, pat, patter, place, press, punch, remark, reply, rest, rub, run, say, shade, shrug, skip, slap, sleep, smoke, snore, snow, spread, sprinkle, step, stroke, sway, take, tap, tax, tease, toast, toss, touch, trace, tread, treat, trip, undertake, whip. ADJECTIVES: armed, armoured, brown, clad, clothed, floured, loaded, sarcastic, scented, spicy, tanned.

likewise -CC VERBS: do.

limply -D VERBS: drop, hang, lie.

literally -BBB VERBS: explode, interfere, mean, run, shake, starve, take, translate. ADJECTIVES: impossible, true.

little VERBS: change, differ, matter. ADJECTIVES: suited, used.

live -A VERBS: appear, be broadcast, be recorded, be screened, be shown, be televised, be transmitted, come to sb, go, go out, perform, play, record, screen, show, sing, televise.

locally -B VERBS: administer, advertise, elect, know, known as, live, make, organize, produce, recruit, use. ADJECTIVES: available, based, elected, famous, organized, powerful, produced.

logically -D VERBS: answer, argue, choose, conclude, deduce, develop, explain, extend, form, object, operate, order, process, reason, structure,

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127

low -A

think. ADJECTIVES: compatible, compelling, consistent, impossible, inconsistent, necessary, presented, related, satisfying, valid.

long -AAA VERBS: dream, establish, go, kiss, known, last, linger, live, stay, sustain, take, wait. ADJECTIVES: interested, overdue.

long since VERBS: cease, vanish.

longingly -D VERBS: gaze, look, recall.

loosely -C VERBS: attach, base, clasp, coil, cover, define, drape, group, hang, knot, link, rest, sling, structure, term, tie, translate, wrap. ADJECTIVES: allied, attached, organized, related.

loud -BBB VERBS: play your music, sing.

loudly -D VERBS: applaud, bang, bark, cheer, clap, complain, condemn, cough, crackle, crunch, cry, curse, declare, echo, exclaim, explode, groan, grunt, knock, laugh, moan, oppose, pant, proclaim, protest, puff, say, scream, shout, sigh, sing, sneeze, sniff, snore, snort, sob, speak, swear, talk, thump, tick, weep, whistle, yell.

lovingly -D VERBS: kiss, preserve, restore, smile, speak, tend. ADJECTIVES: -built.

low -A VERBS: bow, crouch, fly, rank, sing, sink, skim.

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loyally -D

128

loyally -D VERBS: defend, serve, support, work.

ludicrously -D ADJECTIVES: expensive, inadequate, irrelevant, luxurious.

***

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M

129

marvellously -D

madly -D VERBS: race, rush, swing, wave. ADJECTIVES: jealous.

mainly -AA VERBS: aim, attribute, based, come, compose, concentrate, confine, consisted, consist, consists, deal, depend, derive, devote, direct, feed, finance, focus, fund, influence, involve, rely, use, work. ADJECTIVES: composed, concentrated, concerned, dependent, descriptive, dry, engaged, interested, male, negative, occupied, responsible, rural, symbolic.

maliciously -D VERBS: damage, gossip, grin, inflict.

manfully -D VERBS: continue, stride towards, struggle, try.

manifestly -D VERBS: fail, lack. ADJECTIVES: absurd, inadequate, unfair, unfounded, unsuitable, untrue.

manually -D VERBS: enter, operate, perform, record, select, transmit, update, work.

marginally -C VERBS: improve, rise. ADJECTIVES: better, more expensive, relevant.

marvellously -D VERBS: do, get on, like.

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mathematically -D

130

ADJECTIVES: entertaining, warm.

mathematically -D ADJECTIVES: impossible, perfect, precise.

merely -A VERBS: become, confirm, consist, echo, grunt, hand, highlight, illustrate, inform, laugh, mean, nod, perpetuate, postpone, push, reflect, reinforce, repeat, reply, reproduce, respond, serve, shake, shrug, stare, state, strengthen, tolerate, touch, transfer, underline, want, wish. ADJECTIVES: academic, coincidental, cosmetic, descriptive, formal, incidental, instrumental.

markedly -D VERBS: change, contrast, decline, decrease, differ, diverge, improve, increase, lack, rise, shift, slow, vary, worsen. ADJECTIVES: absent, better, different, hostile, inferior, reluctant, superior.

massively -D VERBS: change, underestimate.

expand,

increase,

reinforce,

retaliate,

ADJECTIVES: expensive, popular.

materially -D VERBS: affect, alter, assist, change, improve, provide. ADJECTIVES: better, deprived, different, disadvantaged, worse.

meaningfully -D VERBS: compare, defeat, discuss, gesture, glance, look, pause, speak, work.

mechanically -D VERBS: explain, harvest, repeat, speak. ADJECTIVES: efficient, -minded.

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131

mildly -C

medically -D VERBS: examine, prescribe. ADJECTIVES: beneficial, fit, qualified, unfit.

meekly -D VERBS: agree, nod, obey, say, stand, submit to.

mentally -D VERBS: abuse, award, exhaust, incapacitate, rehearse, scar, tick. ADJECTIVES: active, alert, competent, deranged, disabled, disturbed, exhausted, exhausting, frail, handicapped, healthy, ill, incapable, incompetent, infirm, prepared, retarded, sick, subnormal, tired, tough, unbalanced, unfit, unstable, weak.

mercifully -D ADJECTIVES: brief, quick, rare, rule, silent, unhurt.

mercilessly -D VERBS: attack, beat, criticize, exploit, tease.

meticulously -D VERBS: craft, execute, plan, play, record, research. ADJECTIVES: detailed, groomed.

mightily -D VERBS: change, contribute, strive, struggle. ADJECTIVES: impressed, impressive, relieved.

mildly -C VERBS: enquire, feel, look, observe, protest, put, remark, reply, say. ADJECTIVES: amazed, amused, amusing, annoying, autistic, comic, critical, curious, depressed, disappointed, disapproving, dismissive, encouraging, erotic, fragrant, handicapped, humorous, impressed, indignant, interested, interesting, irritated, patronizing, pleased, pleasurable, positive, ridiculous, sarcastic, sceptical, shocked, spicy, surprised.

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militarily -D

132

militarily -D VERBS: intervene. ADJECTIVES: vulnerable, weak.

minutely -D VERBS: examine, scrutinize, study (a document etc). ADJECTIVES: detailed, organized.

miraculously -D VERBS: cure, escape, recover, survive, transform. ADJECTIVES: intact, unscathed.

miserably -D VERBS: fail, nod, say, shake, stare, think. ADJECTIVES: huddled, wet.

mistakenly -D VERBS: believe, suppose.

moderately -D VERBS: drink, price, rise. ADJECTIVES: active, chubby, comfortable, competent, eccentric, effective, expensive, favourable, good, high, hot, large, low, positive, -priced, risky, severe, strong, successful.

modestly -D VERBS: gain, grow, increase, live, price, recover, say. ADJECTIVES: furnished.

momentarily -C VERBS: blind, cease, distract, flicker, forget, freeze, hesitate, light, look, pause, rest, stop, stun. ADJECTIVES: confused, speechless, startled, stunned, surprised.

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133

musically -D

monthly VERBS: pay, update.

morally -D VERBS: bind. ADJECTIVES: acceptable, bankrupt, binding, conservative, correct, corrupt, desirable, dubious, indefensible, inferior, justifiable, justified, neutral, obliged, outrageous, permissible, relevant, repugnant, repulsive, responsible, reprehensible, right, subversive, superior, unacceptable, uplifting, wrong.

more or less ADJECTIVES: adequate, constant, correct, equal, equivalent, even, identical, impossible, intact, irrelevant, level, orderly, right, same, satisfactory, secret, self-sufficient, sober, stable, static, straight, superficial, synonymous, true.

more than VERBS: compensate, double, halve, offset, outweigh, repay, treble, triple. ADJECTIVES: adequate, capable, equal, grateful, keen, pleased, ready, satisfied, useful.

mortally -D VERBS: offend, wound. ADJECTIVES: afraid, hated, ill, injured, offended, wounded.

mostly -A VERBS: aim, consist, use. ADJECTIVES: black, composed, concentrated, concerned, dry, empty, male, white, young.

musically -D VERBS: splash. ADJECTIVES: gifted, inclined, literate, satisfying, talented.

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mutually -D

134

mutually -D VERBS: oppose, reinforce. ADJECTIVES: acceptable, advantageous, agreeable, beneficial, complementary, consistent, contradictory, convenient, dependent, exclusive, hostile, incompatible, inconsistent, intelligible, opposed, perpendicular, profitable, reinforcing, repellent, rewarding, satisfactory, satisfying, supportive, unintelligible.

mysteriously -D VERBS: disappear, say, vanish.

***

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N

135

nearly -AA

narrowly -C VERBS: avert, avoid, beat, conceive, defeat, define, escape, evade, eye, focus, focused, interfere, lose, miss, prescribe, reject, survive, vote, win. ADJECTIVES: defined, escaped, restricted.

nationally -C VERBS: advertise, broadcast, compete, elect, know, organize, recognize, televise. ADJECTIVES: agreed, organized, recognized, representative.

naturally -A VERBS: arise, assume, behave, colour, come, conceive, dry, evolve, fall, flow, follow, grow, lead, occur, prefer, produce, rear, resist, tend, turn, vary, want. ADJECTIVES: anxious, biased, concerned, conservative, courteous, curious, curly, disappointed, disposed, friendly, gifted, inclined, inquisitive, keen, occurring, reserved, shy, suited, superior, suspicious.

near VERBS: lean. ADJECTIVES: fatal, impossible, miraculous, normal, perfect, universal.

nearby -BBB VERBS: hover, live, park, sit.

nearly -AA VERBS: blind, choke, collide, cry, die, double, drop, exhaust, faint, fall, finish, forget, halve, hit, jump, kill, leap, lose, overcome, ruin, score, spend, strangle, stumble, succeed, tear, touch, treble, trip, wreck.

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neatly -D

136

ADJECTIVES: asleep, bald, bankrupt, broke, circular, clean, closed, complete, constant, contemporary, dark, dry, empty, equal, extinct, foolproof, full, identical, impenetrable, impossible, incomprehensible, insane, insurmountable, intact, intolerable, invisible, lifeless, naked, opaque, overhead, parallel, perpendicular, ready, right, ripe, same, square, straight, unable, unanimous, universal.

neatly -D VERBS: arrange, capture, coil, demonstrate, divide, dress, execute, fit, fold, illustrate, incorporate, knot, label, land, organize, park, pile, place, present, screen, sew, slice, slot, solve, stack, stow, structure, sum, summarize, tie, trim, tuck, type, wind, write. ADJECTIVES: dressed, organized.

necessarily -A VERBS: entail, exclude, follow, imply, incorporate, involve, lead, link, reflect, vary. ADJECTIVES: brief, exclusive, incompetent, mean, partial, selective, slow, subjective, true, vague.

needlessly -D VERBS: die, destroy, lose, suffer, take risks, worry. ADJECTIVES: expensive.

negatively -D VERBS: answer, comment, control, correlate, impact, react, think, value, view. ADJECTIVES: charged, related.

negligently -D VERBS: act, allow, drive, inflict, shrug.

nervously -D VERBS: cough, edge, fidget, flick, flicker, giggle, glance, laugh, look, move, pace, peer, reply, scan, shuffle, smile, swallow, twitch, wait.

never -AAA VERBS: cease, come, cry, do, dream, envisage, fail, falter, feel, find,

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137

non-stop -D

forget, forgive, get, give, go, guess, happen, hear, know, last, learn, leave, let, like, materialize, meet, mind, miss, realize, really recover, refer, regain, regret, return, see, seem, solve, stop, tell, think, touch, use, vary, want.

nevertheless -A VERBS: continue, persist, prevail, remain, seem.

newly -BBB ADJECTIVES: developed, fashionable, indefensible, married, polished, qualified, rich, unemployed.

next to ADJECTIVES: impossible.

nicely -CC VERBS: ask, balance, brown, contrast, decorate, dress, fit, heal, illustrate, judge, manage, round, settle, sum, tick. ADJECTIVES: balanced, furnished, polished, rounded.

no longer ADJECTIVES: adequate, fashionable, interested, relevant, valid, viable, visible.

noisily -D VERBS: blow your nose, breathe, clatter, gulp, sigh, snore, start up, suck.

nominally -D VERBS: drag on. ADJECTIVES: indefensible, responsible.

nonchalantly -D VERBS: lean, shrug, walk.

non-stop -D VERBS: fly, rain, speak, talk, travel.

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normally -A

138

normally -A VERBS: associate, behave, breathe, confine, exceed, expect, find, function, give, imply, lead, observe, occur, permit, require, reserve, take, translate, use, work.

north -A VERBS: continue, drive, face, flee, go, head, march, migrate, move, travel.

northwards -D VERBS: branch, continue, head, migrate, move, sail, travel, walk.

notably -BB VERBS: improve. ADJECTIVES: absent, biased, lacking.

noticeably -D VERBS: affect, improve, slow. ADJECTIVES: absent, different, lacking, more confident, muted, slow.

notoriously -D ADJECTIVES: careless, conservative, corrupt, dangerous, difficult, elusive, expensive, fickle, imprecise, inaccurate, inadequate, inefficient, insecure, prone, reluctant, selective, slow, treacherous, uncertain, unreliable, unstable, vague, volatile.

nowadays -BB VERBS: remember, seem.

nowhere -BBB VERBS: appear, find, get, go, lead, mention. ADJECTIVES: special.

***

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O

139

oddly -C

obediently -D VERBS: follow, trot, wait.

objectively -D VERBS: describe, differ, examine, judge, look at a situation, measure, report, rule, view, weigh the evidence. ADJECTIVES: superior, true.

obstinately -D VERBS: refuse. ADJECTIVES: silent.

obviously -AA VERBS: adore, dislike, enjoy, feel, influence, lack, link, need, prefer, relish, think, vary, want. ADJECTIVES: annoyed, capable, crucial, delighted, desirable, determined, disappointed, embarrassed, expensive, false, genuine, happy, important, impossible, impractical, impressed, inadequate, incorrect, intelligent, intent, interested, keen, lacking, nervous, peeved, pleased, puzzled, related, relevant, relieved, sensible, shaken, surprised, terrified, unaware, uncomfortable, undesirable, unhappy, unsuitable, unsure, upset, visible.

occasionally -A VERBS: appear, break, find, go, interrupt, occur, see, stir, use.

oddly -C VERBS: act, behave, contrast, feel, look, name, resemble, seem, shape, sit. ADJECTIVES: compelling, detached, disappointed, disturbed, familiar, formal, furtive, guilty, impersonal, lonely, pleased, quiet, reassuring, shaped, unreal, vulnerable.

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off and on

140

off and on VERBS: drink (alcohol), flicker, have headache etc., take drugs.

officially -B VERBS: accept, acknowledge, adopt, announce, approve, ban, become, begin, boycott, call, close, confirm, declare, define, describe, designate, dissolve, end, endorse, estimate, give, hand, inaugurate, inform, know, launch, nominate, open, proclaim, recognize, record, register, release, report, reprimand, retire, sanction, start, state, tolerate, unveil, value, welcome. ADJECTIVES: closed, homeless, open, recognized, sanctioned.

often -AAA VERBS: call, cite, employ, encounter, feel, find, have difficulties, lead to, overlook, quote, refer, seem, use, wonder. ADJECTIVES: fatal, harsh, mild.

only half ADJECTIVES: alive, awake, interested.

only just VERBS: able, afford, notice, recover, scrape.

only too ADJECTIVES: delighted, glad, happy, pleased, ready.

openly -BB VERBS: accuse, acknowledge, admire, admit, air, back, boast, call, campaign, condemn, confess, criticize, debate, declare, defy, despise, discuss, express, flaunt, flout, laugh, oppose, proclaim, speak, state, talk, trade, weep. ADJECTIVES: abusive, aggressive, contemptuous, critical, gay, hostile, opposed, sceptical.

open-mouthed -D VERBS: stare, watch.

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141

outstandingly -D

opposite -A VERBS: live, sit.

organically -D VERBS: develop, farm, grow, produce.

originally -A VERBS: appear, build, call, come, conceive, derive, design, develop, envisage, forecast, give, intend, make, mean, name, plan, propose, publish, schedule, set, think, use, want, write.

ornately -D VERBS: decorate. ADJECTIVES: carved, furnished.

otherwise -AA VERBS: decide, do, know, pretend, prove, specify, state, suggest, think. ADJECTIVES: engaged, excellent, healthy, inaccessible, inexplicable, unknown.

outrageously -D VERBS: attack, behave, lie. ADJECTIVES: expensive, high.

outright -D VERBS: attack, ban, buy, kill, laugh, oppose, refuse, reject, tell, win.

outside -D VERBS: eat, go, look, meet, play, sit, stand, step, venture, wait.

outstandingly -D VERBS: perform, play. ADJECTIVES: beautiful, good, successful, talented.

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outward

142

outward ADJECTIVES: bound.

outward(s) VERBS: direct, grow, open, spread.

outwardly -D ADJECTIVES: calm, charismatic, composed, serene, unaffected.

over and over (again) VERBS: ask, read, repeat.

overhead -CC VERBS: appear, be, buzz, circle, fly, gather, hover, pass, roar, scream, shine, soar, wheel, whirr.

overly -D ADJECTIVES: ambitious, cynical, generous, optimistic, perturbed, simplistic, violent.

overnight -BBB VERBS: appear, become, change, disappear, dry, happen, refrigerate, soak, stay, transform, travel.

overseas VERBS: go, invest, live, travel, work.

overtly -D ADJECTIVES: critical, erotic, hostile, masculine, political, racist, sexual, subversive.

overwhelmingly -C VERBS: approve, back, dominate, endorse, reject, support, vote. ADJECTIVES: composed, concentrated, dominant, favourable, impressed, male, masculine, negative, positive, rural.

***

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

P

143

particularly -AA

painfully -C VERBS: beat, become, flush, struggle, swallow, throb, thud, thump, tighten. ADJECTIVES: apparent, aware, awkward, beautiful, clear, conscious, emaciated, evident, exposed, familiar, hard, honest, obvious, selfconscious, sensitive, shy, slow, thin.

painstakingly -D VERBS: analyze, check, copy, examine, explain, prepare, rebuild, reconstruct, record, restore, search, work.

parrot-fashion -D VERBS: copy, learn, repeat.

parrot-like -D VERBS: copy, learn, repeat.

partially -D -BB VERBS: block, burn, clear, compensate, conceal, cover, digest, enclose, erase, excavate, explain, fill, finance, fund, heal, immerse, implement, inflate, lift, modify, obscure, offset, overcome, overlap, paralyze, reconstruct, recover, repair, restore, reverse, shade, shield, sight, solve, succeed. ADJECTIVES: accurate, blind, clad, closed, clothed, cooked, deaf, dependent, derelict, developed, disabled, effective, exempt, furnished, justified, open, owned, relevant, responsible, sighted, soluble, submerged, successful, visible.

particularly -AA VERBS: admire, aim, concentrate, dislike, focus, harsh, hate, interest, like, recommend, seem, target, value, welcome, worry. ADJECTIVES: aggressive, alarming, appropriate, busy, careful, complex, complicated, concentrated, concerned, difficult, effective, embarrassed, evident, fond, fortunate, frustrating, good, grateful,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

partly -A

144

gratifying, gruesome, happy, harmful, harsh, hazardous, helpful, important, impressed, impressive, inappropriate, informative, instructive, intense, interested, interesting, ironic, keen, kind, marked, memorable, nasty, noisy, notable, noted, noteworthy, noticeable, numerous, outstanding, painful, pertinent, pleased, pleasing, poignant, popular, potent, powerful, prominent, promising, prone, pronounced, proud, quick, rare, relevant, resistant, revealing, rewarding, rich, sad, scarce, sensitive, serious, severe, sharp, significant, skilled, stressful, striking, strong, successful, suitable, suited, susceptible, tight, tough, tragic, traumatic, troubled, true, unfortunate, unpleasant, unpopular, unusual, upset, useful, valuable, vicious, vigilant, violent, visible, vital, vulnerable, warm, weak.

partly -A VERBS: account, alleviate, attribute, based, blame, block, burn, compensate, conceal, depend, derive, destroy, determine, draw, excavate, explain, finance, fund, influence, mask, modify, obscure, offset, overlap, paralyze, rebuild, reflect, restore, reverse, ruin, screen, shield, solve, succeed. ADJECTIVES: closed, dependent, derelict, domesticated, due, explicable, false, furnished, instrumental, justified, related, responsible, soluble, submerged.

part-time VERBS: teach, work.

passionately -D VERBS: appeal, argue, believe, care, cry, defend, kiss, seduce. ADJECTIVES: devoted, interested, involved.

passively -D VERBS: act, fight, listen, participate, react, resist.

past VERBS: file, flow, fly, march, race, ride, rush, sail, stride.

patently -D VERBS: fail.

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145

perfectly -A

ADJECTIVES: absurd, artificial, clear, false, inadequate, obvious, offensive, ridiculous, unfair, unfounded, untrue.

pathetically -D VERBS: attempt, long, whimper. ADJECTIVES: inadequate, thin.

patiently -D VERBS: await, behave, explain, frown, listen, queue, repeat, question, say, struggle, smile, wait.

peacefully -D VERBS: coexist, demonstrate, die, end, graze, march, pass, protest, resolve, rest, retire, settle, sleep, slumber, solve. ADJECTIVES: asleep.

peculiarly -D VERBS: look at sb/sth. ADJECTIVES: male, narrow, quiet, suited, vulnerable.

perfectly -A VERBS: balance, behave, blend, capture, complement, fit, form, function, illustrate, judge, know, logical, manage, match, mimic, mirror, position, seem, streamline, suit, sum, time, understand, will, work. ADJECTIVES: able, acceptable, accurate, adequate, agreeable, amiable, attainable, audible, aware, balanced, beautiful, calm, candid, capable, charming, circular, civil, clear, coherent, comfortable, compatible, competent, competitive, composed, comprehensible, confident, conscious, consistent, contented, content, correct, courteous, decent, dry, effective, efficient, evident, explicable, fair, familiar, feasible, fitting, flat, flexible, frank, friendly, genuine, good, grammatical, groomed, happy, harmless, healthy, honest, honourable, horrible, immobile, innocent, innocuous, intact, intelligible, justified, lawful, legal, legible, legitimate, logical, motionless, natural, neutral, nice, normal, obvious, OK, ordinary, oval, permissible, plain, plausible, pleasant, poised, polite, possible, practicable, presentable, proper, quiet, rational, reasonable, regular,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

periodically -D

146

relaxed, reliable, respectable, ripe, safe, sane, satisfactory, satisfied, secure, sensible, serene, shaped, silent, simple, sincere, smooth, sober, sound, splendid, stable, steady, straight, straightforward, suitable, suited, symmetrical, tailored, tolerable, tranquil, transparent, true, understandable, valid, viable, well.

periodically -D VERBS: interrupt, meet, renew, revalue, review, revise, suffer, test.

permanently -D VERBS: adopt, alter, ban, barricade, close, cripple, damage, deprive, disfigure, exclude, exile, expel, fix, keep, live, lose, paralyze, remain, remove, scar, settle, shroud, tune, weaken. ADJECTIVES: attached, broke, closed, cold, covered, deafen, disabled, fixed, handicapped, hungry, occupied, red, sterile, tainted, unemployed, uninhabitable.

personally -BBB VERBS: address, become, conduct, contact, deliver, feel, guarantee, hand, hold, inform, inscribe, intervene, involve, know, like, order, oversee, persuade, recommend, recruit, reply, run, select, serve, sign, speak, supervise, thank, think, threaten. ADJECTIVES: acquainted, attached, committed, inadequate, involved, liable, popular, responsible, satisfying, unhappy.

phenomenally -D VERBS: grow, increase, rise, succeed. ADJECTIVES: popular, successful.

physically -B VERBS: abuse, assault, attack, become, challenge, demand, disable, drain, exhaust, feel, handicap, harm, incapacitate, link, locate, mature, prevent, react, resist, restrain, scar, separate, shake, threaten. ADJECTIVES: able, active, afraid, attached, attractive, capable, demanding, disabled, exhausted, exhausting, fit, frail, handicapped, healthy, helpless, ill, immature, impossible, inactive, incapable, infirm, isolated, mature, painful, perfect, possible, present,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

147

politically -B

remote, separate, sick, slight, strong, taxing, tired, tough, unable, uncomfortable, unfit, violent, weak.

pitifully -D ADJECTIVES: bad, inadequate, thin.

plain -BBB ADJECTIVES: bonkers, crazy, daft, mad, old-fashioned, old, scared, stupid.

plainly -C VERBS: dress, see, speak, state. ADJECTIVES: delighted, evident, furnished, inconsistent, terrified, unsure, visible, wrong.

inadequate,

playfully -D VERBS: cuff, kiss, nudge, pinch, slap.

pleasantly -D VERBS: decorate, enquire, greet, sing, smell. ADJECTIVES: cool, different, furnished, interesting, juicy, light, polite, relaxed, rural, situated, smile, soft, surprised, warm.

pointedly -D VERBS: add, ask, ignore, look, refuse, remark, say.

politely -C VERBS: ask, bow, chat, cough, decline, enquire, greet, incline, inform, knock, laugh, listen, murmur, nod, refuse, reply, request, respond, say, smile, talk, thank, wait.

politically -B VERBS: become, charge, commit, connect, cripple, inspire, motivate, remain, strengthen, weaken. ADJECTIVES: acceptable, accountable, active, advantageous, astute, autonomous, aware, biased, challenging, charged, committed, conscious, conservative, contentious, controversial, convenient,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

poorly -C

148

correct, corrupt, damaging, dangerous, delicate, desirable, difficult, dominant, effective, embarrassing, expedient, extreme, feasible, hostile, illiterate, immature, important, impossible, impotent, inactive, inconvenient, incorrect, indefensible, ineffective, inept, inevitable, inexperienced, influential, informed, inspired, irrelevant, literate, loaded, moderate, motivated, naïve, neutral, orientated, popular, powerful, progressive, radical, reactionary, relevant, responsible, risky, sensible, sensitive, sophisticated, stable, successful, suicidal, suspect, sympathetic, unacceptable, undesirable, united, unpopular, unstable, unthinkable, volatile, vulnerable, weak.

poorly -C VERBS: articulate, attend, conceive, control, define, design, develop, document, draft, dress, equip, execute, fare, fund, know, light, maintain, organize, pay, perform, prepare, repair, represent, research, reward, serve, supply, train, understand, ventilate, write. ADJECTIVES: developed, educated, informed, insulated, motivated, organized, paid, trained.

popularly -D VERBS: elect, known as, regard. ADJECTIVES: believed, called, elected, exaggerated, known, thought, understood.

positively -B VERBS: associate, beam, become, charge, correlate, discourage, discriminate, dislike, encourage, evaluate, glow, identify, influence, itch, look, react, reinforce, relate, relish, respond, seem, state, think, thrive, value, view, welcome. ADJECTIVES: ancient, charged, damaging, dangerous, detrimental, encouraging, frightening, frosty, harmful, hostile, indecent, inhuman, luxurious, misleading, obstructive, pained, related, staid, tame, triumphant.

possibly -AA ADJECTIVES: adverse, damaging, dangerous, harmful.

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149

precisely -A

posthumously -D VERBS: award, publish.

potentially -B VERBS: conflict, damage, destroy, harm. ADJECTIVES: available, capable, catastrophic, confusing, costly, damaging, dangerous, deadly, decisive, destructive, difficult, disastrous, disruptive, effective, embarrassing, excellent, exciting, explosive, fatal, fruitful, harmful, hazardous, high, hostile, huge, immortal, important, incompatible, inefficient, infectious, infinite, interested, interesting, lethal, liable, lucrative, marketable, misleading, painful, powerful, productive, profitable, radical, recyclable, relevant, rewarding, rich, risky, serious, significant, subversive, suitable, threatening, toxic, ugly, unlimited, useful, valuable, viable, violent, volatile, vulnerable.

powerfully -D VERBS: affect, argue, hit, influence, kick, reason, reinforce, smell (of). ADJECTIVES: -built, effective, emotive, erotic, resonate, scented.

practically -BB VERBS: accuse, become, beg, destroy, disappear, double, guarantee, ignore, live, run, touch, wipe. ADJECTIVES: certain, devoid, empty, equivalent, extinct, identical, impossible, inaccessible, inaudible, inconceivable, infinite, inseparable, insoluble, invisible, meaningless, nonexistent, obligatory, obsolete, penniless, perfect, possible, ready, same, solid, speechless, straight, unchanged, unheard-of, unintelligible, unknown, unnoticed, unthinkable, useful, useless.

precariously -D VERBS: balance, cling, exist, lean, live, perch, sway. ADJECTIVES: balanced.

precisely -A VERBS: correspond, date, define, determine, engineer, express,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

precociously -D

150

know, locate, measure, observe, pin, pinpoint, predict, specify, spell, state, synchronize. ADJECTIVES: equal, equivalent, same.

precociously -D ADJECTIVES: gifted, talented.

predominantly -CC VERBS: concentrate, consist, draw, feed, use, utilize. ADJECTIVES: black, composed, concerned, conservative, female, male, married, masculine, rural, white, young.

prematurely -D VERBS: age, born, die, end, judge, retire, terminate, wrinkle. ADJECTIVES: bald, balding, born, grey, middle-aged.

presumably -BBB VERBS: afford, forget, mean.

prettily -D VERBS: dance, pout. ADJECTIVES: dressed, furnished, illustrated, patterned.

pretty -AA ADJECTIVES: accurate, amazing, angry, awesome, awful, bad, big, bizarre, bored, boring, bright, broad, busy, calm, certain, chaotic, cheap, chilly, clean, clear, clever, comprehensive, conclusive, confident, confusing, conventional, convincing, cool, costly, crazy, creepy, crowded, daft, decent, deep, demanding, depressing, desperate, despicable, despondent, disappointed, disastrous, disgusting, dismal, dreadful, drunk, dull, dumb, effective, efficient, embarrassing, excited, exciting, exhausted, exhausting, exorbitant, expensive, fair, familiar, far-fetched, fast, fed up, filthy, fit, flexible, foolproof, formidable, forthright, free, friendly, frightening, frosty, full, funny, generous, gloomy, good, gruesome, handy, happy, hard, harmless, heavy, hopeful, hopeless, horrible, horrific, hot, ill, implausible, impossible, impressive, incomprehensible, incredible,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

151

privately -B

indefensible, ineffective, innocuous, intense, interesting, keen, lazy, lethal, lonely, mad, marvellous, mean, meaningless, mild, miserable, modest, much same, mundane, nasty, nervous, nice, noisy, normal, obvious, odd, ordinary, overwhelming, painful, perceptive, plain, pleased, popular, potent, powerful, predictable, quick, quiet, rare, reliable, remote, resilient, ridiculous, rude, safe, scarce, scared, secluded, secure, selfish, self-sufficient, sensible, sensitive, sexy, shaky, sharp, shattered, sick, silly, simple, slack, slender, slow, small, sober, solid, sophisticated, sound, spectacular, splendid, spooky, stable, staggering, standard, steep, straight, straightforward, strange, strong, sure, surprised, sympathetic, tame, tedious, terrible, terrified, tight, tired, tolerant, tough, traditional, trivial, true, typical, ugly, unbelievable, uncomfortable, unfair, unforgettable, uninhibited, universal, unlikely, unpleasant, unscrupulous, unusual, upset, used to, useful, useless, vague, violent, warm, weak.

previously -A VERBS: announce, cite, consider, describe, discuss, hold, mention, neglect, note, outline, publish, quote, report, rule, show, state, think, use, work. ADJECTIVES: impossible, married, neglected, secret, separate, unheard, unheard-of, unknown, unnoticed, unreleased, unthinkable.

primarily -BB VERBS: aim, based, concentrate, concern, consist, deal, depend, derive, design, determine, direct, exist, focus, gear, influence, intend, serve, use. ADJECTIVES: ceremonial, composed, concentrated, concerned, engaged, focused, interested, responsible.

principally -C VERBS: aim, confine, consist, direct, focus, use. ADJECTIVES: concerned, interested.

privately -B VERBS: admit, doubt, educate, express, finance, fund, hold, meet, negotiate, organize, own, praise, print, run, say, seethe, speak, talk, think, view.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

probably -AAA

152

ADJECTIVES: educated, insured, organized, owned, rented.

probably -AAA VERBS: go, need, notice, think, win. ADJECTIVES: inevitable, true.

professionally -D VERBS: act, ask for sb’s opinion, behave, cook, fit, get sth done, handle, install, run, play, sing, train, use English. ADJECTIVES: certified, cool, designed, drafted, edited, inadequate, interested, qualified, trained.

profitably -D VERBS: exploit, invest, operate, produce, trade, use.

profoundly -D VERBS: affect, change, disagree, impact, influence, modify, oppose, shape, transform. ADJECTIVES: conservative, damaging, deaf, depressing, different, disabled, disturbed, disturbing, grateful, handicapped, humiliating, important, impressed, indebted, influence, insecure, irritated, misleading, mistaken, moving, opposed, relieved, sad, shaken, shocked, suspicious, uneasy, upset.

profusely -D VERBS: apologize, bleed, perspire, sweat, thank. ADJECTIVES: apologetic.

progressively -D VERBS: decline, destroy, deteriorate, increase, more difficult, reduce, undermine, weaken, withdraw, worse. ADJECTIVES: isolated.

prominently -D VERBS: display, feature, figure. ADJECTIVES: involved.

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153

publicly -B

promptly -CC VERBS: act, announce, burst, declare, deny, drop, forget, hand, hire, issue, pay, refund, reply, respond, return, reward, say, seize, sell, set, take, vanish, vomit, withdraw.

properly -A VERBS: act, address, adhere, advise, align, appreciate, assess, behave, belong, breathe, brief, clean, compensate, concentrate, conduct, consult, control, cost, deal, debate, draft, dress, eat, enforce, equip, evaluate, examine, exercise, explain, exploit, explore, fasten, feed, finance, formulate, fulfil, function, fund, handle, heal, heated, implement, incorporate, install, integrate, introduce, investigate, iron, judge, label, maintain, manage, monitor, organize, perform, prepare, pronounce, protect, record, regard, regulate, repair, research, reward, run, safeguard, seal, secure, service, sleep, smell, speak, staff, stock, store, structure, supervise, tackle, test, thank, train, understand, update, use, ventilate, wash, wire, work. ADJECTIVES: accountable, balanced, closed, educated, heated, informed, insulated, married, organized, qualified, representative, shut, trained.

proudly -D VERBS: admit, announce, beam, boast, declare, display, proclaim, say, wear.

provisionally -D VERBS: agree, arrange, estimate, schedule.

psychologically -D VERBS: abuse, grow, scar. ADJECTIVES: damaging, disturbed, plausible.

publicly -B VERBS: accuse, acknowledge, admit, air, announce, apologize, back, become, call, campaign, comment, condemn, criticize, debate, declare, defend, denounce, deny, disclose, discuss, endorse, execute, expose, express, finance, fund, hold, humiliate, identify, insult, mark, oppose, own, perform, praise, proclaim, rebuke, reject,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

purely -BB

154

reprimand, shame, snub, speak, state, support, thank, threaten, trade, urge, warn. ADJECTIVES: acceptable, accessible, accountable, available, funded, opposed, owned.

purely -BB VERBS: concentrate, logical. ADJECTIVES: abstract, academic, accidental, aesthetic, arbitrary, based, ceremonial, clinical, coincidental, commercial, cosmetic, decorative, defensive, descriptive, domestic, economic, factual, fictional, fictitious, financial, formal, functional, humanitarian, hypothetical, imaginary, incidental, informal, instinctive, instrumental, internal, intuitive, linguistic, local, logical, mechanical, military, negative, objective, optional, ornamental, passive, personal, philosophical, physical, platonic, political, practical, pragmatic, private, professional, psychological, random, rational, scientific, secular, selfish, social, speculative, spiritual, subjective, superficial, symbolic, technical, theoretical, voluntary.

purposefully -D VERBS: live, march, stride, walk.

***

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

Q

155

quietly -AA

qualitatively -D VERBS: analyze, study. ADJECTIVES: different, distinct, similar.

quickly -AA VERBS: abandon, absorb, accelerate, act, adapt, add, adjust, advance, arrange, assemble, assimilate, avert, become, breathe, change, clear, collapse, come, cook, cross, dash, deal, depreciate, descend, detect, deteriorate, devour, disappear, discover, dismiss, disperse, dress, drive, drop, dry, dwindle, emerge, erect, exhaust, expand, exploit, fade, fill, find, flick, follow, forget, gain, gather, generate, glance, go, grasp, grow, hand, heal, implement, incorporate, integrate, kiss, learn, locate, master, mature, mount, move, multiply, nod, notice, overcome, pass, penetrate, persuade, pour, proceed, process, push, react, realize, reassure, recover, regain, reject, release, remove, repair, reply, resolve, respond, restore, result, retort, retreat, reverse, revive, reward, rinse, rise, rotate, run, say, scan, settle, shake, silence, slide, snatch, solve, spin, spot, spread, step, stride, stuff, subside, suppress, surround, swallow, swim, tire, transfer, transform, trot, turn, type, vanish, walk, wash, widen, wipe, withdraw. ADJECTIVES: apparent.

quietly -AA VERBS: abandon, answer, ask, creep, cry, curse, disperse, drift, drop, edge, fade, fume, go, graze, groan, hiss, hum, insist, laugh, leave, lie, listen, live, moan, move, murmur, mutter, observe, pray, repeat, reply, rest, say, seethe, shelve, simmer, sing, sit, sitting, sleep, slide, slip, snore, sob, speak, stand, state, swear, talk, urge, vow, wait, walk, weep, work. ADJECTIVES: amused, confident, determined, dignified, efficient, elegant, menacing, optimistic, pleased, proud, situated.

***

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

racially -D

R

156

racially -D VERBS: abuse, attack, discriminate, harass, oppress. ADJECTIVES: biased, different, disadvantaged, divided, exclusive, homogeneous, mixed, motivated, polarized, prejudiced, tolerant.

radiantly -D VERBS: smile. ADJECTIVES: beautiful, happy.

radically -C VERBS: affect, alter, change, differ, improve, modify, reform, rethink, reverse, revise, transform, undermine. ADJECTIVES: overhaul.

randomly -D VERBS: allocate, arranged, distribute, generate, sample, select. ADJECTIVES: -chosen, distributed, mixed, scattered, selected.

rapidly -D VERBS: absorb, accelerate, accumulate, adjust, advance, age, approach, beat, blink, boil, breathe, cease, change, climb, collapse, decline, decrease, degenerate, depreciate, descend, deteriorate, disperse, drop, dwindle, emerge, engulf, erode, escalate, evolve, exhaust, expand, fade, fill, gain, gather, grow, improve, increase, introduce, lose, mature, mount, multiply, proceed, progress, recede, regain, resolve, respond, retreat, reverse, revive, rise, rotate, scan, shift, shrink, spin, spread, subside, succumb, swim, swing, thicken, transfer, transform, vanish, wane, warm, widen, worsen. ADJECTIVES: changing.

rarely -A VERBS: achieve, come, cry, do, exceed, feature, find, get, give, happen, hear, leave, mention, occur, see, seem, speak, use, venture, wear.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

157

really -AAA

ADJECTIVES: fatal, final, used.

rationally -D VERBS: behave, explain, plan, think. ADJECTIVES: justified.

readily -BB VERBS: absorb, accept, acknowledge, adapt, admit, agree, appreciate, assimilate, become, blush, concede, detect, dismiss, distinguish, explain, find, grasp, identify, imagine, incorporate, interfere, penetrate, perceive, resolve, respond, see, separate, solve, succumb, supply, switch, tolerate, transmit, understand. ADJECTIVES: acceptable, accessible, adaptable, apparent, attainable, available, comparable, comprehensible, detachable, discernible, distinguishable, explicable, forthcoming, identifiable, intelligible, justified, marketable, obtainable, recognizable, reversible, separable, susceptible, transferable, understandable, visible.

really -AAA VERBS: ache, admire, age, amaze, annoy, appeal, appreciate, believe, care, concern, deserve, desire, dislike, earn, enjoy, envy, exist, fear, frighten, fulfil, grease, happen, hate, help, hope, hurt, imagine, impress, interest, irritate, justify, lack, laugh, like, matter, miss, need, prefer, regret, relish, respect, scare, shock, stretch, struggle, surprise, sympathize, think, upset, want, wish, worry. ADJECTIVES: adequate, afraid, aggressive, alive, amazing, amusing, angry, annoyed, annoying, appalling, ashamed, astonishing, awesome, awful, bad, beautiful, big, bitter, bold, bored, boring, brave, bright, brilliant, busy, careful, chaotic, charming, clever, concerned, confident, crazy, creative, critical, cross, crucial, daft, dangerous, decent, dedicated, deep, degrading, delicious, delighted, delightful, depressed, depressing, desperate, determined, difficult, dirty, disappointed, disgusted, disgusting, dismal, distraught, dreadful, drunk, dumb, early, easy, effective, efficient, embarrassed, embarrassing, encouraging, energetic, enthusiastic, essential, evil, excellent, exceptional, excited, exciting, exhausted, exhausting, experienced, extraordinary, famous, fantastic, fascinating, fast, fat, fed up, feminine, filthy, fit, fond, foolish, formidable, fortunate,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

reasonably -B

158

frantic, fresh, friendly, frightening, frustrated, frustrating, funny, genuine, glad, glamorous, good, good-looking, gorgeous, grateful, great, guilty, happy, hard, healthy, heavy, helpful, honest, horrible, horrific, hot, huge, hungry, hurt, ill, impatient, important, impossible, impressed, impressive, incredible, insecure, inspiring, intense, interested, interesting, jealous, keen, kind, late, lazy, limited, long, mad, magnificent, marvellous, mean, miserable, nasty, necessary, needy, nervous, nice, noisy, obscene, odd, old, outstanding, persistent, pleased, popular, positive, powerful, pretty, professional, proud, quick, quiet, radical, refreshing, remarkable, ridiculous, ripe, rude, sad, safe, satisfying, savage, scared, sensible, serious, severe, sexy, sharp, shocked, short, sick, silly, sincere, sinister, skinny, sleepy, small, smooth, soft, solid, sorry, sour, spectacular, spicy, splendid, spooky, steep, sticky, stiff, stimulating, strange, strong, stunning, superb, surprised, surprising, sweaty, sweet, talented, terrible, terrified, thick, thrilled, tight, tiny, tired, touched, tough, tragic, traumatic, ugly, unbelievable, uncomfortable, unfriendly, unhappy, unusual, unwell, uplifting, upset, uptight, up-to-date, urgent, useful, valuable, violent, vital, vivid, warm.

reasonably -B VERBS: act, ask, assume, behave, expect, feel, fit, foresee, infer, look, presume, price, regard, request, require, seem, withhold. ADJECTIVES: able, acceptable, accessible, accurate, active, balanced, bright, broad, capable, certain, cheap, clear, close, coherent, comfortable, competent, complete, comprehensive, confident, consistent, constant, content, democratic, dry, educated, effective, efficient, encouraging, fair, familiar, fast, firm, fit, flexible, foreseeable, free, friendly, fruitful, generous, good, good-looking, happy, harmless, healthy, high, honest, impartial, inexpensive, informed, intact, intelligent, knowledgeable, large, lengthy, light, mild, moist, necessary, numerous, objective, optimistic, peaceful, plain, plausible, pleasant, pleased, possible, powerful, practicable, practical, predictable, presentable, priced, proficient, prudent, quick, quiet, realistic, reliable, representative, safe, satisfactory, satisfied, secure, sensible, skilful, smooth, sober, sound, spacious, stable, straightforward, successful, sure, tight, tolerant, tough, valid, warm, wealthy.

reassuringly -D VERBS: answer, say, smile, pat.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

159

relatively -A

ADJECTIVES: calm.

recently -AA VERBS: announce, become, begin, buy, change, complete, discover, emerge, introduce, move, open, publish, receive, release, report, return, see, win. ADJECTIVES: deceased, married, qualified.

reflectively -D VERBS: look, pause.

refreshingly -D ADJECTIVES: cold, cool, frank, honest, original, straightforward.

regularly -AA VERBS: appear, attend, check, contribute, correspond, encounter, exceed, exercise, expose, feature, hold, inform, inspect, meet, monitor, perform, play, practise, pray, recur, recycle, renew, repair, repeat, report, review, run, schedule, service, space, take, test, travel, update, use, visit, work. ADJECTIVES: spaced, used.

relatively -A VERBS: late, remain. ADJECTIVES: accessible, advanced, autonomous, benign, brief, broad, calm, cheap, comfortable, complex, conservative, constant, content, conventional, costly, deprived, diverse, dominant, dry, early, easy, efficient, empty, expensive, explicit, exposed, fast, fixed, flexible, fluid, formal, free, frequent, generous, happy, harmless, healthy, high, homogeneous, immaterial, immature, immobile, immune, impartial, inactive, ineffective, inefficient, inert, inexpensive, inexperienced, inflexible, informal, infrequent, innocent, innocuous, insensitive, insignificant, intact, isolated, large, late, lengthy, lenient, liberal, light, limited, little, long, low, manageable, mild, minor, mobile, moderate, modest, narrow, neglected, neutral, new, novel, numerous, obscure, opaque, orderly, painless, passive, peaceful, permanent, poor, popular, powerful, powerless, predictable, privileged, profitable, progressive, prolonged, quick, quiet, rapid,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

relentlessly -D

160

rare, recent, remote, resistant, restricted, rich, rigid, safe, scarce, secure, self-contained, senior, separate, severe, shallow, sheltered, short, simple, slight, slow, small, smooth, sober, soft, sophisticated, specialized, stable, static, steady, steep, straight forward, straight, successful, superficial, temporary, thick, thin, tiny, trivial, unaffected, unchanged, uncommon, unconcerned, unfamiliar, unfashionable, unknown, unmoved, unscathed, unstable, unusual, upright, warm, weak, wealthy, young.

relentlessly -D VERBS: beat, campaign, persecute, pursue, question, tick.

reliably -D VERBS: diagnose, estimate, operate, perform, predict. ADJECTIVES: informed.

reluctantly -D VERBS: accept, admit, agree, concede, hand, nod, obey, use.

remarkably -B ADJECTIVES: accurate, alike, beautiful, calm, candid, cheap, cheerful, civil, clear, close, coherent, complacent, complete, composed, confident, consistent, constant, cordial, diverse, economical, effective, efficient, energetic, faithful, fast, frank, free, fruitful, good, high, homogeneous, innocent, insensitive, intact, intelligent, liberal, limited, little, long-lived, low, powerful, productive, quick, quiet, reluctant, resilient, resistant, restrained, sensitive, short, silent, silly, similar, skilled, slow, small, smooth, stable, steady, straightforward, strong, successful, swift, tolerant, tough, unscathed.

remotely -D VERBS: control, operate, resemble. ADJECTIVES: situated.

repeatedly -BB VERBS: accuse, ask, assert, beat, call, clash, complain, criticize,

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161

richly -D

declare, demonstrate, deny, express, fail, find, insist, interrupt, kick, make, occur, postpone, press, punch, rape, referred, refuse, reinforce, reject, remind, renew, request, return, said, say, show, stab, state, stress, strike, tell, threaten, try, urge, use, warn.

reportedly -BB VERBS: criticize, find, include, kill, pay, plan, receive, refuse, said, take, tell, threaten, try, work. ADJECTIVES: fascinated, interested.

reproachfully VERBS: look.

resolutely -D VERBS: act, enforce, ignore, lead, oppose, protect, refuse, resist, stick, uphold. ADJECTIVES: determined, opposed, silent.

respectfully -D VERBS: bow, clap, disagree, nod, suggest. ADJECTIVES: silent.

responsibly -D VERBS: act, behave, drink, face, serve… (as), use. ADJECTIVES: supervised.

restlessly -D VERBS: pace, shift, sleep, stir, toss, wander.

richly -D VERBS: decorate, deserve, dress, earn, embroider, illustrate. ADJECTIVES: carpeted, carved, coloured, comic, cultivated, decorative, detailed, embroidered, endowed (with), evocative, flavoured, furnished, ironic, ornamented, ornate, paid, patterned, poetic, rewarding, satisfying, scented, shaded, textured, varied, wooded.

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ridiculously -D

162

ridiculously -D ADJECTIVES: cheap, easy, expensive, guilty, happy, implausible, inadequate, low, optimistic, overpriced, pleased, romantic, underpaid.

right -AAA VERBS: do, guess, keep, play, put, run, start, turn, walk.

rightly VERBS: assert, claim, convict, criticize, deserve, earn, emphasize, fear, insist, interfere, judge, observe, point, praise, presume, reject, remember, state, stress, suspect, value. ADJECTIVES: celebrated, concerned, famous, proud, suspicious.

rigidly -D VERBS: adhere to, cling to, control, define, enforce, oppose, prescribe, rule, separate, stick, structure. ADJECTIVES: fixed, hierarchical, opposed, organized, upright.

rigorously -D VERBS: adhere, approach, control, enforce, exclude, monitor, protect, select, test.

rightfully -D VERBS: belong to, claim, exercise, own.

ritually -D VERBS: exchange, murder, slaughter.

romantically -D VERBS: link, love, name, speak. ADJECTIVES: attracted, entangled, inclined, involved, situated.

roundly -D VERBS: applauded, condemned, criticized, cursed, declared, defeated, rejected, trounced.

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163

ruthlessly -D

roughly -B VERBS: align, chop, coincide, correspond, demand, divide, double, draw, equate, halve, outline, push, remain, run, shake, shoulder, shove, speak, translate, treat. ADJECTIVES: analogous, carved, circular, comparable, constant, contemporary, equal, equivalent, fifty-fifty, parallel, proportional, related, same, similar, square, stable, synonymous.

round VERBS: charge, crawl, drift, gather, grope, jerk, look, pace, peer, rally, search, spin, stare, switch, veer, wander.

routinely -D VERBS: brutalize, encourage, flout, handle, ignore, immunize, make, monitor, process, provide, record, sacrifice, set up, test, torture, treat, tutor, undertake, use.

rudely -D VERBS: address, answer, awaken, behave, emphasize, ignore, interrupt, join, joke, reply, shatter, shout, snub, speak, tell. ADJECTIVES: critical.

ruefully -D VERBS: confess, grimace, grin, laugh, note, reflect, remark, shake, shrug, smile, think.

ruthlessly -D VERBS: achieve success, defend, exploit, mock, suppress. ADJECTIVES: honest.

***

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sadly -B

S

164

sadly -B VERBS: die, lack, look, miss, mistake, nod, observe, say, shake, smile, think. ADJECTIVES: decayed, deceased, disappointed, disillusioned, lacking, misplaced, mistaken, neglected, predictable.

safely -BB VERBS: accomplish, arrive, assume, cross, deliver, eject, evacuate, install, invest, land, negotiate, nestle, rely, return, store, stow, strap, tuck. ADJECTIVES: married.

sarcastically -D VERBS: ask, comment, enquire, murmur, reply, retort, say, smile, snap.

sardonically -D VERBS: comment, drawl, laugh, murmur, look, observe, reply, smile.

satisfactorily -D VERBS: answer, deal with, do your job, explain, function, incorporate, operate, perform, progress, resolve, safeguard, settle, solve, work. ADJECTIVES: established, organized.

savagely -D VERBS: assault, attack, beat, cut, growl, fight, kick, kill, mutter, prune, rape, snarl. ADJECTIVES: contemptuous.

scantily -D VERBS: dress.

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165

seemingly -BB

ADJECTIVES: clad, dressed, represented.

scarcely -BB VERBS: begin, believe, conceal, dare, deserve, figure, find, hear, imagine, know, matter, mention, need, notice, register, see, seem, sleep, spare, speak, touch, trouble. ADJECTIVES: able, audible, bearable, capable, credible, discernible, distinguishable, dry, feasible, imaginable, intelligible, legible, noticeable, perceptible, recognizable, relevant, sufficient, suitable, surprised, surprising, tolerable, true, visible.

scientifically VERBS: analyze, examine, study. ADJECTIVES: impossible, justified, proven, valid, valuable.

scornfully -D VERBS: abuse, laugh, look, mock, remark, twist.

scrupulously -D VERBS: adhere, observe. ADJECTIVES: careful, clean, fair, honest, polite, tidy.

secretly -D VERBS: act together, admire, arrange, buy, control, despise, envy, film, go away, fear, fight, hanker, inform, leave, listen to, long, marry, meet, negotiate, observe, plan, plan together, plot, record, relish, smuggle, tell, vote, warn, watch, wish, work… (for), yearn. ADJECTIVES: delighted, glad, pleased, proud, relieved, resentful, surprised, terrified, thrilled, used.

securely VERBS: anchor, attach, bolt, establish, fasten, fit, fix, knot, tie, wrap. ADJECTIVES: attached, fixed.

seemingly -BB ADJECTIVES: casual, contradictory, effortless, endless, futile,

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seldom -BB

166

haphazard, harmless, helpless, hopeless, impenetrable, impossible, incidental, incompatible, indestructible, inevitable, inexhaustible, innocent, innocuous, insignificant, insoluble, insurmountable, intelligent, intent, interminable, invincible, irrational, irreconcilable, irrelevant, lifeless, meaningless, mild, minor, oblivious, obvious, overwhelming, paradoxical, perfect, positive, random, relaxed, solid, spontaneous, trivial, unable, unaffected, unaware, unconcerned, unscathed.

seldom -BB VERBS: come, do, feel, find, get, go, hear, leave, make, mention, see, seem, receive, reproduce, speak, use, venture, watch.

selectively -D VERBS: breed, enforce, market, use.

sensibly -D VERBS: act, advise, approach, argue, behave, budget, decide, discuss, drink, drive, eat, price, talk. ADJECTIVES: cautious, dressed.

sequentially -D VERBS: approach, file, number, process. ADJECTIVES: organized.

separately -D VERBS: arrive, buy, consider, control, deal, develop, evolve, interview, leave, list, live, negotiate, organize, own, pay, produce, publish, record, sell, serve, store, travel, teach, treat, use, work, write. ADJECTIVES: organized.

serenely -D VERBS: sail, smile. ADJECTIVES: beautiful, confident, peaceful.

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167

sexually -D

seriously -A VERBS: advocate, affect, aggravate, assault, become, believe, burn, challenge, compromise, consider, contemplate, curtail, damage, debate, delay, dent, deplete, deteriorate, disrupt, distort, divide, doubt, embark, endanger, entertain, erode, fear, hamper, harm, hinder, hurt, imagine, impair, impede, impinge, inhibit, injure, interfere, jeopardize, leg, limit, look, miscalculate, misjudge, mislead, mismanage, misrepresent, neglect, nod, overestimate, polluted, prejudice, propose, reply, restrict, say, strain, tackle, take, test, think, threaten, treat, underestimate, undermine, weaken, wound. ADJECTIVES: alarmed, committed, concerned, damaging, detrimental, disabled, disadvantaged, disturbed, embarrassing, flawed, handicapped, hurt, ill, inaccurate, inadequate, incompetent, injured, interested, lacking, limited, misleading, mistaken, neglected, negligent, overweight, restricted, rich, threatening, unbalanced, upset, wealthy, wounded, wrong.

severely -A VERBS: affect, afflict, aggravate, beat, become, burn, burned, censure, constrain, criticized, criticize, curtail, cut, damage, dent, deplete, depress, disable, disrupt, distort, erode, hamper, handicap, hit, impair, incapacitate, inhibit, injure, limit, maul, mutilate, polluted, prejudice, prune, punish, reduce, reprimand, restrict, scold, shake, squeeze, strain, suffer, tarnish, test, threaten, torture, undermine, weaken, wound, wounded. ADJECTIVES: autistic, congested, constipated, constrained, critical, damaging, depressed, deprived, disabled, disadvantaged, disturbed, emaciated, handicapped, ill, indebted, inflamed, injured, liable, limited, masculine, neglected, overcrowded, practical, repressed, restricted, retarded, shaken, strained, subnormal.

sexually -D VERBS: abuse, assault, attract, exploit, harass, like, reproduce, transmit. ADJECTIVES: abused, active, adventurous, attractive, aware, compatible, desirable, excited, exciting, experienced, explicit, frustrated, fulfilled, immature, impotent, inactive, inadequate, inexperienced, innocent, interested, involved, jealous, mature,

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shabbily -D

168

permissive, provocative, repressed, repulsive, responsive, stereotyped, stimulating, suggestive, transmitted, violent.

shabbily -D VERBS: dress, treat. ADJECTIVES: dressed, treated.

shakily -D VERBS: move (forward), murmur, walk, whisper.

sharply -B VERBS: accelerate, attack, brake, climb, contrast, criticize, curtail, cut, decline, define, demand, descend, deteriorate, differ, dip, disagree, distinguish, divide, drop, escalate, eye, fall, fluctuate, focus, frown, glance, increase, inhale, intensify, interrupt, jerk, lift, look, move, narrow, pinch, rap, react, rebuke, reduce, remind, reply, retort, rise, say, slow, snap, speak, swerve, tilt, turn, vary, veer. ADJECTIVES: critical, defined, high, limited, low, pointed, polarized, silhouetted, -worded.

sheepishly -D VERBS: confess, grin, nod, smile.

shortly -A VERBS: announce, arrive, begin, break (for lunch etc.), come, die, follow, laugh, leave, publish, reply, return, say.

shrewdly -D VERBS: calculate, eye, narrow, observe, plan, predict, say.

side by side VERBS: place, ride, sit, stand.

sideways -C VERBS: fall, glance, lean, look, lurch, move, slide, slip, turn.

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169

sincerely -C

significantly -B VERBS: add, advance, affect, alter, change, contribute, correlate, cut, decline, decrease, delay, deviate, differ, enhance, exceed, expand, extend, fall, feature, figure, grow, impair, impede, improve, increase, influence, inhibit, lessen, modify, name, pause, reduce, rise, shorten, slow, stimulate, strengthen, upgrade, vary, weaken, whisper, worsen. ADJECTIVES: different, dissimilar, great, high, ill, inconsistent, inferior, large, long, low, well.

silently -D VERBS: beg, cry, curse, drift, file, hand, laugh, nod, pad, plead, pray, read, rehearse, repeat, scream, seethe, sing, sit, slide, slither, sob, squirm, stare, step, swear, toast, vow, wait, watch, weep.

similarly -A VERBS: affect, behave, have an effect on, influence, treat, use. ADJECTIVES: dressed, impressive, successful.

simply -AA VERBS: abandon, adore, assert, confirm, consist, define, deny, disappear, dislike, dress, duplicate, echo, equate, evade, hand, highlight, ignore, illustrate, imply, impose, inform, lack, laugh, mean, need, nod, observe, perpetuate, prefer, push, put, reflect, refuse, reinforce, relax, rely, repeat, replace, reply, reproduce, respond, reverse, say, shake, shift, shrug, slot, stare, state, stick, tick, transfer, underline, vanish, wander, want, waste, wipe, wish, wither. ADJECTIVES: afraid, awesome, awful, beautiful, concerned, descriptive, furious, furnished, gorgeous, grateful, huge, impose, impossible, incompatible, incorrect, incredible, insufficient, irrelevant, marvellous, phenomenal, splendid, stunning, superb, terrible, unacceptable, unbelievable.

sincerely -C VERBS: apologize, believe, desire, hope, thank, wish. ADJECTIVES: dear.

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singularly -D

170

singularly -D VERBS: fail, perform. ADJECTIVES: beautiful, foolish, honest, inappropriate, incompetent, ineffective, lacking, qualified to, rich, unfortunate.

skilfully -D VERBS: evade, execute, exploit, handle, kick, manage, manipulate, manoeuvre, play, use, weave, write.

slavishly -D VERBS: adhere to, conform, copy, follow, stick.

sleepily -D VERBS: answer, mumble, murmur, rub your eyes, stir.

slightly -AA VERBS: adjust, affect, alter, annoy, blush, bow, concern, confuse, cool, cough, crack, creak, crease, crush, curl, curve, damage, decline, decrease, delay, dent, differ, dilute, dip, distort, drop, enlarge, exaggerate, exceed, fall, falter, feel, flinch, flush, frown, grimace, heated, hurt, improve, incline, increase, influence, inhibit, injure, irritate, leak, lean, lift, limp, look, lurch, mislead, modify, narrow, nod, obscure, offend, outnumber, overlap, pant, pout, prefer, rain, recede, recoil, reduce, refine, relax, revise, rewrite, rise, rock, sag, seem, shake, shift, shiver, shrink, shrug, shudder, simplify, slacken, slope, slow, smell, smile, soften, spoil, stagger, stir, stumble, surprise, sway, swell, taste, tighten, tilt, tremble, twist, twitch, vary, weaken, wet, widen, wince, worry, wound. ADJECTIVES: absurd, afraid, aggrieved, agitated, ajar, alarmed, alarming, ambiguous, amused, annoyed, anxious, apologetic, apprehensive, artificial, ashamed, awkward, battered, bemused, bent, better, bewildered, biased, bitter, bizarre, blue, bored, boring, breathless, breezy, brown, charred, cloudy, comic, comical, common, concerned, confused, confusing, constipated, crazy, creepy, cross, cross-eyed, curious, curiously dated, cynical, damp, dangerous, dazed, deaf, degrading, depressed, depressing, deranged, detached, different, dirty, disabled, disadvantaged, disappointed, disappointing, disapproving, disconcerting, disgusted, dishonest,

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171

smartly -D

dismissive, disreputable, disruptive, distant, distracted, disturbed, drunk, eccentric, eerie, embarrassed, embarrassing, enigmatic, envious, erratic, false, familiar, fearful, flawed, flushed, foolish, foreign, fragrant, frustrated, frustrating, furtive, fuzzy, giddy, green, grey, guilty, handicapped, hazy, heated, high, hoarse, hot, humorous, hurt, ill, illogical, immoral, impatient, imperfect, impertinent, improbable, inaccurate, inclined, inferior, inhibited, injured, ironic, irregular, irresponsible, irritated, lame, large, late, light-headed, loaded, long, low, mad, mean, menacing, misleading, moist, muddled, muted, naïve, negative, nervous, numb, odd, off-putting, oily, old-fashioned, old, opaque, open, overdrawn, overweight, pained, painful, pale, paradoxical, patronizing, perplexed, perverse, pink, prone, puzzled, radioactive, red, reflective, relieved, reminiscent, repellent, repulsive, resentful, retarded, ridiculous, rounded, sad, sarcastic, sceptical, secretive, self-conscious, shaky, sharp, shocked, shocking, shy, sick, sinister, slack, small, smug, soft, soluble, sour, spicy, spooky, stale, startled, sticky, stiff, strained, stunned, superior, surprised, surprising, suspect, suspicious, sweet, swollen, tanned, tender, threatening, transparent, unbalanced, uncertain, uncomfortable, uneasy, unfair, unfamiliar, unfit, unfortunate, unorthodox, unpleasant, unreal, unstable, unusual, variable, warm, wary, well.

slowly -AA VERBS: accumulate, adjust, advance, approach, become, begin, breathe, burn, change, chug, circle, climb, come, cook, crawl, creep, cross, dawn, decline, descend, disappear, disintegrate, dissolve, drawl, dress, drift, drive, dry, dwindle, ease, edge, emerge, erode, evolve, expand, fade, feel your way, fill, flow, fly, gain, gather, go, grow, heal, inhale, jog, lift, mature, move, nod, ooze, open, pace, paddle, pass, penetrate, pick, pour, proceed, progress, push, reach, recede, recover, regain, relax, repeat, reply, reverse, ride, rise, roll, rotate, saunter, say, seep, shake, shift, shrink, shuffle, simmer, sink, sip, sit down, slide, speak, spread, start, step, stroll, subside, swim, swing, touch, trail, transform, travel, tread, trudge, turn, walk, wander, warm, widen.

smartly -D VERBS: dress, move, step, turn, walk.

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smoothly -D

172

smoothly -D VERBS: accelerate, continue, fit, flow, function, go, land, move, play (the violin etc), proceed, progress, ripple, rotate, run, say, slide, work. ADJECTIVES: groomed, polished.

snugly -D VERBS: curl up, fit, settle. ADJECTIVES: sheltered.

so far VERBS: mention, resist, restrict.

soberly -D VERBS: agree, dress.

socially -D VERBS: define, integrate, interact, meet, mix, sanction, see, value. ADJECTIVES: acceptable, adept, advanced, ambitious, aware, awkward, beneficial, competent, concerned, confident, conscious, conservative, degrading, deprived, desirable, disadvantaged, disruptive, diverse, dominant, embarrassing, exclusive, good, harmful, homogeneous, important, impossible, incompetent, inept, inferior, insignificant, irresponsible, isolated, limited, mixed, mobile, organized, privileged, radical, relevant, responsible, secure, selective, self-sufficient, sensitive, suitable, superior, unacceptable, undesirable, useful, valuable.

softly -D VERBS: add, answer, ask, breathe, chuckle, cry, curse, drawl, exclaim, gleam, glow, groan, growl, hum, illuminate, kiss, knock, lap, laugh, light, moan, mock, murmur, mutter, pad, patter, repeat, reply, ripple, rustle, say, sigh, sing, snore, snort, speak, stroke, swear, taunt, tread, warn, whimper, whine, whisper, whistle. ADJECTIVES: carpeted, golden, lit (lighted), rounded.

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173

somewhat -A

solely -BB VERBS: attribute, concentrate, confine, consist, deal, dedicate, define, depend, derive, determine, devote, devoted, exist, focus, relate, rely, rest, use. ADJECTIVES: responsible.

based,

composed,

concerned,

dependent,

solemnly -D VERBS: nod, promise, say, swear.

solicitously -D VERBS: ask, enquire, help, speak.

solidly -D VERBS: plant, rain. ADJECTIVES: -built.

somehow -A VERBS: become, feel, find, get, lack, link, make, manage, persuade, retain, seem, solve, survive. ADJECTIVES: familiar, mistaken, reassuring, responsible, sinister, symbolic, unreal, vulnerable.

sometimes -AA VERBS: buy, call, cook, feel, find, refer, referred, seem, think, use, wonder. ADJECTIVES: fatal, harmful.

somewhat -A VERBS: alleviate, become, confuse, cool, delay, differ, ease, exaggerate, feel, harsh, look, modify, obscure, resemble, seem, soften, spoil, undermine, vary, wane, weaken. ADJECTIVES: abstract, absurd, academic, aggressive, aggrieved, akin, alien, aloof, ambiguous, ambivalent, annoyed, anxious, arbitrary, artificial, ashamed, awesome, awkward, backward, bemused, bewildered, bitter, bizarre, breathless, bureaucratic, chaotic, chilly, claustrophobic, comical, complacent, complex,

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somewhere -A

174

complicated, concerned, confused, confusing, conspicuous, contentious, contradictory, contrived, controversial, conventional, cool, curious, cynical, dated, debatable, delicate, depressing, despondent, different, disappointed, disappointing, disconcerting, dismissive, disorganized, distracted, disturbed, doubtful, dubious, dull, eccentric, elusive, embarrassed, embarrassing, enigmatic, envious, erratic, excessive, excitable, exclusive, extravagant, extreme, flawed, forlorn, formidable, great, guilty, haphazard, harsh, hazardous, hazy, high, humiliating, impatient, impenetrable, impertinent, implausible, impractical, imprecise, inaccurate, inadequate, inappropriate, incompatible, incompetent, inconclusive, incongruous, inconsistent, inconvenient, ineffective, inefficient, inferior, inflexible, insecure, insensitive, intrusive, ironic, irrational, irregular, irrelevant, irresponsible, isolated, lacking, large, lengthy, limited, low, misguided, misleading, mixed, muddled, mundane, muted, mystified, naïve, narrow, negative, neglected, nervous, obscure, odd, old-fashioned, one-sided, opaque, optimistic, overdrawn, painful, paradoxical, passive, patronizing, peeved, perplexed, perverse, pessimistic, pointless, prolonged, puzzled, questionable, radical, rare, relieved, reluctant, reminiscent, remote, restricted, restrictive, ridiculous, risky, sad, sarcastic, scarce, sceptical, secretive, self-conscious, sensitive, separate, shaken, shaky, shy, similar, simplistic, sinister, small, sombre, startled, static, sterile, stiff, strained, strange, stunned, subdued, subjective, superficial, superior, surprised, surprising, suspect, suspicious, tame, technical, tedious, threatening, unbalanced, uncertain, undignified, uneasy, unexpected, unlikely, unnecessary, unorthodox, unpleasant, unpopular, unstable, unusual, vague, variable, volatile.

somewhere -A VERBS: begin, fall, find, get, go, lead, lie, live, put, read, see, start. ADJECTIVES: different, more comfortable, safe, warm.

soon -AAA VERBS: arrive, become, begin, cease, come, die, disappear, discover, find, finish, follow, forget, learn, leave, notice, pass, realize, recover, restore, settle, spread, warm, withdraw. ADJECTIVES: apparent, clear, evident.

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175

specially -BB

sound ADJECTIVES: asleep.

soothingly -D VERBS: murmur, reply, say, speak.

sorely -D VERBS: test, tire. ADJECTIVES: disappointed, lacking, missed, needed, neglected, tempted.

soundly -D VERBS: beat, defeat, kiss, reject, sleep, thrash, whip. ADJECTIVES: based.

sourly -D VERBS: grin, laugh, reply.

south -A VERBS: drive, face, flee, go, head, march, move, take the bus etc., turn.

sparingly -D VERBS: apply, play, reward, use.

sparsely -D VERBS: distribute. ADJECTIVES: covered, furnished, populated.

specially -BB VERBS: adapt, arrange, build, choose, coat, commission, compose, construct, create, designate, design, develop, equip, erect, formulate, import, make, modify, prepare, print, recruit, reserve, select, tailor, train, use, weave, write. ADJECTIVES: adapted, careful, commissioned, constructed, interested, organized, prepared, privileged, relevant, shaped, trained.

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specifically -A

176

specifically -A VERBS: address, aim, ask, deal, define, design, devote, direct, exclude, exempt, focus, forbid, gear, grant, instruct, look, mention, order, prohibit, provide, recommend, refer, reject, relate, request, reserve, state, tailor, target, targeted, warn, write. ADJECTIVES: concerned, referred, related, religious, trained.

spectacularly -D VERBS: display, fail, grow, rise, skate, succeed. ADJECTIVES: beautiful, lit (lighted), successful.

speculatively -D VERBS: attack, demand, eye, look, narrow, trade.

speedily -D VERBS: deal, recover, resolve, solve.

spontaneously -D VERBS: applaud, arise, generate, happen, ignite, laugh, occur, react, speak.

squarely -D VERBS: aim, blame, compete, face, fall, hit, jam, meet sb’s eyes, place, plant, rest, sit, stand.

starkly -D VERBS: contrast, illustrate, stand out. ADJECTIVES: different, presented, silhouetted, simple.

startlingly -D ADJECTIVES: beautiful, original, poor.

statistically -D ADJECTIVES: accurate, insignificant, proven, representative, significant, valid, vital.

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177

strangely -CC

steadfastly -D VERBS: believe, ignore, refuse. ADJECTIVES: devoted.

steadily -D VERBS: accumulate, advance, breathe, burn, chug, climb, decline, decrease, drink, drop, dwindle, erode, escalate, expand, fall, flow, gain, gather, gaze, grow, improve, increase, jog, mount, progress, rain, regard, ride, rise, say, shine, shrink, stare, trickle, watch, work, worsen.

steeply -D VERBS: ascend, bank, climb, decline, descend, dip, drop, fall, incline, increase, rise, shelve, slope. ADJECTIVES: angled, raked, slanting, tiered.

sternly -D VERBS: judge, reply, say, tell, wag your finger, warn.

stiffly -D VERBS: nod, reply, retort, say, stand, whisk the cream/egg whites. ADJECTIVES: erect, formal, upright.

stoutly -D VERBS: declare, defend, deny, refuse. ADJECTIVES: -made.

straight -AA VERBS: aim, come, continue, direct, drive, fly, go, head, look, point, run, shoot, sit, stand, stare, talk, think, walk.

strangely -CC VERBS: act, behave, echo, feel, glitter, look, name, seem. ADJECTIVES: absent, bare, calm, comforting, compelling, content, detached, distant, disturbed, elated, elusive, enigmatic, excited, familiar, happy, innocent, lacking, mixed, muted, pale, pleased,

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strategically -D

178

prophetic, quiet, reluctant, reminiscent, sad, shaped, silent, still, subdued, uncertain, uneasy, unreal, vulnerable.

strategically -D VERBS: locate, place, position, site. ADJECTIVES: important, -placed, planned, sensible, vital.

strenuously -D VERBS: advise, defend, deny, object to, resist.

strictly -BB VERBS: adhere, comply, confine, control, define, enforce, forbid, interfere, keep, limit, monitor, observe, prescribe, prohibit, ration, regulate, remain, reserve, segregate, speak, stick, supervise. ADJECTIVES: academic, accurate, businesslike, chronological, comparable, confidential, contemporary, conventional, factual, formal, hierarchical, illegal, illogical, impartial, irrelevant, kosher, liable, limited, necessary, neutral, orthodox, platonic, practical, professional, rational, speaking, taboo, teetotal, temporary, true, unnecessary.

strikingly -D VERBS: contrast, illustrate. ADJECTIVES: absent, attractive, beautiful, coloured, contradictory, different, good-looking, handsome, heavy, marked, original, patterned, pretty, reminiscent, similar, uniform.

strongly -D VERBS: advise, advocate, agree, appeal, applaud, approve, argue, assert, associate, attack, back, believe, blow, campaign, colour, concur, condemn, contest, contrast, correlate, criticize, defend, define, denounce, deny, disagree, disapprove, discourage, dislike, emerge, emphasize, encourage, endorse, favour, feature, feel, figure, hint, hold, identify, implicate, imply, influence, insist, link, object, oppose, perform, prefer, press, promote, protest, react, recommend, reinforce, reject, relate, rely, remind, represent, resemble, resent, resist, sense, smack, smell, stimulate, stress, suggest, support, suspect, swim, taste, urge, weigh, word.

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179

subtly -D

ADJECTIVES: apparent, attached, biased, coloured, committed, concentrated, corrosive, critical, dependent, developed, evident, flavoured, fortified, hierarchical, inclined, linked, marked, motivated, nationalistic, negative, opposed to, optimistic, organized, orientated, patriotic, positive, related, reminiscent, scented, suggestive, supportive, worded.

stubbornly -D VERBS: cling, fight, insist, persist, refuse, repeat, resist, say, stick, oppose. ADJECTIVES: silent.

studiously -D VERBS: avoid, examine, ignore, learn, look. ADJECTIVES: blank, vague.

stunningly -D ADJECTIVES: attractive, beautiful, naïve.

subsequently -BBB VERBS: arrest, become, confirm, convict, develop, die, discover, emerge, find, give, make, prove, publish, return, spread, take, use, withdraw.

substantially -BB VERBS: add, affect, alter, boost, change, contribute, differ, dilute, enhance, exceed, fall, grow, impair, improve, increase, modify, offset, outnumber, prejudice, rebuild, reduce, remain, renovate, revise, rewrite, rise, strengthen, underestimate, upgrade, vary, weaken. ADJECTIVES: better, complete, correct, different, great, high, increased, intact, large, low, same, similar, unchanged, well.

subtly -D VERBS: alter, change, mention, mock, undermine. ADJECTIVES: different, distinct, fragrant.

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successfully

180

successfully VERBS: accomplish, adapt, address, appeal, argue, assert, bid, block, breed, campaign, challenge, combine, communicate, compete, complete, conceal, conduct, contest, convey, cross, cultivate, defend, demonstrate, employ, eradicate, evade, execute, experiment, exploit, fight, fulfil, function, gain, handle, harness, implement, incorporate, install, integrate, intervene, lobby, manage, manipulate, market, mobilize, mount, navigate, negotiate, operate, organize, overcome, penetrate, perform, persuade, plead, predict, press, prevent, protect, pursue, rear, repair, resist, resolve, seek, stand, sue, tackle, test, trace, trade, transfer, transplant, treat, utilize, weather.

succinctly -D VERBS: describe, explain, express, put, state, sum, summarize.

suddenly -AA VERBS: accelerate, age, appear, ask, become, begin, brake, brighten, burst, cease, change, clear, collapse, come, confront, cry, cut, dawn, decide, die, disappear, discover, dive, drop, emerge, end, erupt, escalate, exclaim, expand, explode, expose, feel, find, flare, flash, freeze, grab, illuminate, interrupt, jerk, jump, laugh, leap, light, look, narrow, notice, overcome, overwhelm, push, realized, realize, recall, release, remember, remind, reverse, revive, rush, say, see, seem, seize, shake, shatter, shift, shout, snap, speak, spot, spring, start, stir, stop, strike, swerve, swing, switch, think, thrust, transform, turn, vanish, wake, warm, widen, worsen. ADJECTIVES: afraid, alert, alive, angry, anxious, ashamed, aware, breathless, cautious, fashionable, furious, impatient, intent, nervous, sharp, silent, startled, wary, weak.

suicidally -D ADJECTIVES: depressed, inclined.

suitably -C VERBS: dress, equip, impress, inscribe, look, modify, name, protect, qualify, reward. ADJECTIVES: apologetic, cautious, clad, dramatic, educated, experienced, heroic, impressed, impressive, ironic, qualified,

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181

surprisingly -B

sombre, subdued, sympathetic, trained, uplifting, vague.

sufficiently -D VERBS: deter, recover. ADJECTIVES: accurate, balanced, broad, challenging, convincing, detailed, educated, evident, experienced, explicit, flexible, heated, high, hot, impressed, interested, interesting, large, numerous, orientated, persuasive, powerful, profitable, qualified, rare, realistic, relaxed, reliable, satisfied, secure, senior, sensitive, serious, severe, shallow, skilled, sophisticated, stable, thick, unusual, vague, varied, versed, vigorous, warm.

summarily -D VERBS: dismiss, eject, execute, shoot.

superbly -D VERBS: engineer, equip, illustrate, play. ADJECTIVES: comfortable, efficient, organized, situated, tailored.

superficially -D VERBS: examine, resemble, teach. ADJECTIVES: plausible, similar.

supposedly -C VERBS: haunt, make. ADJECTIVES: factual, homogeneous, indefensible, objective, superior, universal, unprecedented.

supremely -D ADJECTIVES: beautiful, confident, efficient, elegant, gifted, practical, selfish, stupid, superior, talented.

surely -A VERBS: deserve, realize, survive.

surprisingly -B ADJECTIVES: accurate, bright, cheap, comfortable, complex,

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suspiciously -D

182

delicate, early, easy, effective, fast, frank, gentle, good, happy, harsh, high, large, light, little, low, mild, moderate, modest, neat, powerful, quick, rare, small, spacious, strong, tolerant, warm, weak.

suspiciously -D VERBS: act, ask, behave, eye, look, narrow, regard, sniff, sound, stare, study sb, view, watch. ADJECTIVES: cheap, large, long, silent.

sweetly -D VERBS: enquire, murmur, reply, sing, smell, smile. ADJECTIVES: innocent, perfumed, scented.

swiftly -D VERBS: act, deal with, dress, flow, follow, get rid of, march, move, react, respond, retreat, terminate, walk.

sympathetically -D VERBS: address, consider, deal with, listen, nod, react, respond, restore, smile, treat.

systematically -D VERBS: analyze, approach, arrange, attempt, destroy, evaluate, exclude, explore, investigate, manipulate, monitor, observe, organize, reorganize, search, study, suppress, think, train, use, vary, violate. ADJECTIVES: organized.

***

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T

183

temporarily -D

tacitly -D VERBS: accept, acknowledge, admit, agree, approve, assume, collude, condone, consent, sanction, support.

tartly -D VERBS: agree, enquire, observe, point, remark, reply, say.

tastefully -D VERBS: decorate, lay, restore. ADJECTIVES: furnished.

technically -C VERBS: know, remain, speak. ADJECTIVES: accomplished, advanced, brilliant, competent, complex, correct, demanding, difficult, efficient, feasible, illegal, impossible, impressive, incompetent, incorrect, inferior, orientated, possible, proficient, sophisticated, superior.

technologically -D VERBS: achieve, advance, innovate. ADJECTIVES: advanced, capable, change, compatible, develop, illiterate, literate, progress, sophisticated.

temperamentally -D ADJECTIVES: different, incapable, similar, suited.

temporarily -D VERBS: abandon, allow, blind, close, deal with, desert, digress, employ, exile, fix, forget, halt, help, hold, house, imprison, incapacitate, interrupt, join, lose, relieve, remove, solve, stop, store, suspend, take care of sb/sth, transfer, use, withdraw, work. ADJECTIVES: absent, closed, covered, deserted, quiet, speechless, unable, unemployed.

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tenaciously -D

184

tenaciously -D VERBS: believe, cling, fight, negotiate. ADJECTIVES: loyal.

tenderly -D VERBS: care, cradle, kiss, lay, stroke.

tentatively -D VERBS: agree, conclude, identify, knock, say, schedule, smile, suggest, take steps, venture.

terminally -D ADJECTIVES: ill, sick.

terribly -B VERBS: disappoint, feel, go, hurt, look, mind, miss, mutilate, seem, sound, suffer, upset, worry. ADJECTIVES: afraid, angry, ashamed, bored, boring, brave, busy, cold, complicated, conscious, dangerous, depressed, deprived, difficult, disappointed, disappointing, distraught, embarrassed, embarrassing, excited, exciting, expensive, extravagant, fascinating, frustrating, funny, glad, good, good-looking, grateful, guilty, hard, homesick, hungry, hurt, ill, important, impressed, inaccurate, inconvenient, inefficient, interested, interesting, involved, irresponsible, keen, lonely, negative, nice, noisy, old, old-fashioned, ordinary, painful, pale, pessimistic, plausible, proud, romantic, rude, sad, sensitive, shocked, short, shy, sick, skinny, small, sorry, steep, surprised, sweet, thin, tired, tragic, uncomfortable, unfair, unfashionable, unhappy, unnatural, unpopular, unsure, upset, violent, wrong.

tersely -D VERBS: announce, comment, explain, laugh, reply, say.

thematically -D VERBS: classify, group, index. ADJECTIVES: related.

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185

thoughtfully -D

theoretically -D ADJECTIVES: capable, desirable, flawed, impossible, illegal, informed, justified, possible, sound.

thick -A VERBS: cut, slice.

thickly -D VERBS: butter, coat, cover (with), grow, murmur, mutter, pad, say, slice, sow, spread, swirl, whisper. ADJECTIVES: carpeted, covered, encrusted (with), overgrown, populated, soft, spiced, wooded.

thinly -D VERBS: apply, slice, smile, sow, spread. ADJECTIVES: covered, disguised, populated, scattered, -sliced, veiled.

thoroughly -B VERBS: approve, beat, become, check, chew, clean, cleanse, confuse, cook, cool, debate, deserve, despise, disapprove, discuss, drain, dry, enjoy, entertain, evaluate, examine, explore, feel, inspect, integrate, investigate, look, mix, recommend, research, review, revise, rinse, scrub, scrutinize, search, soak, stir, study, test, understand, vet, warm, wash, wet. ADJECTIVES: alarmed, annoyed, ashamed, bewildered, bogged down, bored, charming, confused, convincing, corrupt, decent, dejected, democratic, depressed, disgusted, disillusioned, distasteful, domesticated, dry, engrossed, enjoyable, entertaining, exhausted, familiar, fed up, irritated, miserable, modern, mundane, nasty, nice, overhaul, professional, satisfying, sick, soaked, trained, undignified, unpleasant, unscrupulous, upset.

thoughtfully -D VERBS: chew, eye, frown, gaze, lean back, murmur, narrow, nod, pause, regard, rub your chin, say, scratch your head, sip, stare, stroke, study.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

throatily -D

186

ADJECTIVES: -provided, silent.

throatily -D VERBS: growl, laugh, murmur, roar.

tight -BBB VERBS: be, become, clamp, clench, close sth, clutch sth, draw sth, feel, get, go, grip sth, hang, hold (on), hold sth, hug, keep sth, look, pull sth, remain, seem, shut sth, stretch, tie sth, wind.

tightly -D VERBS: bind, clamp, clasp, clench, cling, close, cluster, clutch, coil, control, cover, curl, define, embrace, fasten, fit, grasp, grip, hold, hug, integrate, knot, pack, prescribe, regulate, roll, tie, tie a knot, say, screw, seal, secure, shut, squeeze, strap, stretch, structure, tie, twist, wedge, wind, wrap, wring. ADJECTIVES: -belted, -buckled, -circumscribed, closed, constrained, -knit, organized, shut.

to and fro VERBS: pace, rock, roll, swing, walk.

totally -AA VERBS: abandon, abolish, absorb, become, clear, commit, confine, confuse, convince, cut, defeat, destroy, disagree, disrupt, dominate, drain, eliminate, enclose, eradicate, exclude, exhaust, fail, feel, forbid, forget, gear, humiliate, ignore, immerse, incapacitate, lose, mask, mislead, misread, neglect, obliterate, obscure, omit, oppose, overwhelm, paralyze, penetrate, rebuild, relax, reorganize, reverse, ruin, rule, satisfy, seal, seem, separate, subordinate, surround, transform, underestimate, undermine, vanish, wipe, wreck. ADJECTIVES: abhorrent, absent, absorbed, acceptable, accurate, addicted, adequate, alien, amazed, artificial, assured, automatic, autonomous, baffled, bald, bemused, bewildered, bewildering, bizarre, blind, bogged down, bonkers, brilliant, comfortable, committed, compatible, comprehensive, concentrated, confident, confidential, confused, contradictory, contrary, convinced, convincing, corrupt, covered, crazy, cynical, deaf, dedicated,

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187

traditionally -D

dejected, dependable, dependent, deprived, derelict, deserted, detached, devoid, devoted, different, disgusted, disillusioned, disorganized, disproportionate, dissimilar, distinct, dominant, dry, empty, engaged, engrossed, exempt, exhausted, exposed, extinct, fair, false, fearless, fed up, fictitious, flexible, foreign, free, friendless, frustrated, futile, groundless, haphazard, harmless, helpless, homogeneous, honest, hooked, hostile, idle, ignorant, illegal, illiterate, illogical, immaculate, immobile, immoral, immune, impartial, impassable, impassive, impersonal, impervious, implausible, impossible, impotent, impracticable, impractical, inaccessible, inaccurate, inactive, inadequate, inappropriate, inaudible, incapable, incompatible, incompetent, incomprehensible, inconceivable, inconsistent, incorrect, indefensible, indifferent, inedible, ineffective, inexperienced, inexplicable, inflexible, inhuman, innocent, innocuous, insane, insensitive, instinctive, insulated, interchangeable, invisible, irrational, irreconcilable, irrelevant, irresponsible, isolated, justified, lacking, lost, magical, meaningless, misguided, misleading, misplaced, naked, negative, new, non-existent, novel, numb, objective, oblivious, obscure, obsolete, one-sided, opposed, organic, orientated, outrageous, painless, penniless, pointless, powerless, predictable, preoccupied, random, relaxed, reliable, reliant, responsible, reversible, ridiculous, safe, satisfied, secure, self-contained, selfish, separate, shattered, silent, soluble, speechless, spontaneous, static, straight, submerged, superfluous, supportive, transparent, unable, unacceptable, unaffected, unavoidable, unaware, unbelievable, unchanged, uncharacteristic, unconcerned, unconscious, uncontrollable, undesirable, unexpected, unfair, unfamiliar, unfit, unforgettable, unfounded, unheard-of, uninhabitable, uninhibited, unintelligible, uninterested, unique, united, unknown, unmoved, unnecessary, unprecedented, unprepared, unprovoked, unqualified, unreal, unreasonable, unscathed, unsuitable, unused to, unwarranted, useless, vulnerable, wrong.

traditionally -D VERBS: associated with, celebrate, collect, define, depict, focus, perform, regarded as, rely, tend to, thought, wear. ADJECTIVES: conservative, considered, educated, expected, feminine, male, organized.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

tragically -D

188

tragically -D VERBS: die, end, illustrate, kill, short-changed. ADJECTIVES: ironic, low, premature, wrong, young.

tremendously -D VERBS: change, enjoy, grow, help, improve, influence, progress, succeed, support, thrill, value, vary. ADJECTIVES: courageous, encouraging, excited, exciting, flattering, impressed, impressive, powerful, proud, useful, varied, wealthy.

triumphantly -D VERBS: announce, campaign, crow, exclaim, grin, look, perform, smile, return.

truly -BBB VERBS: answer, become, believe, care, deserve, feel, grease, justify, love, reflect, tell, understand, want. ADJECTIVES: admirable, alive, amazing, appalling, astonishing, awesome, awful, beautiful, bizarre, breathtaking, comic, comprehensive, cosmopolitan, creative, dedicated, delicious, delightful, democratic, dreadful, dynamic, equal, evil, excellent, extraordinary, fantastic, fascinating, formidable, frightening, fundamental, global, grateful, great, gruesome, happy, heroic, honest, honoured, hooked, horrible, horrific, impressive, incredible, indefensible, independent, indigenous, interested, international, magical, magnificent, married, memorable, mystified, needy, objective, outstanding, phenomenal, poetic, professional, radical, random, realistic, remarkable, representative, rural, scientific, shocked, sorry, spectacular, spiritual, splendid, sympathetic, talented, terrible, terrified, terrifying, unforgettable, unique, universal, valuable, viable, vicious, wonderful.

truthfully -D VERBS: answer, express your opinion, report, represent, review, say, speak, tell.

tunelessly -D VERBS: hum, whistle.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

189

typically -BB

typically -BB VERBS: cost, find, include, involve, last, occur, produce, require, run, take, use. ADJECTIVES: English, male, masculine, priced, rude, vague.

***

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

ultimately -BBB

U

190

ultimately -BBB VERBS: become, decide, defeat, depend, derive, determine, emerge, fail, fulfil, gain, lead, prevail, prove, resolve, rest, triumph. ADJECTIVES: decisive, doomed, fatal, frustrating, futile, impossible, inconclusive, responsible, triumphant, victorious.

unanimously -D VERBS: accept, agree, approve, back, condemn, decide, declare, elect, endorse, pass, reject, support, uphold, vote, welcome.

unashamedly -D VERBS: love, weep. ADJECTIVES: extreme, patriotic, traditional.

unbearably -D ADJECTIVES: crowded, hard, hot, lonely, painful, poignant, sad, smug, stuffy, stupid, tense.

unbelievably -D ADJECTIVES: bad, beautiful, cheap, exciting, fast, nasty, talented.

uncannily -D VERBS: coincide, resemble. ADJECTIVES: accurate, similar.

uncertainly -D VERBS: eye, hover, stand, sway.

uncharacteristically -D ADJECTIVES: coy, modest, quiet, silent, tense.

uncomfortably -D VERBS: shift, shuffle, squirm, wriggle.

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191

undoubtedly -B

ADJECTIVES: aware, conspicuous, full, hot, silent, warm.

uncomprehendingly -D VERBS: look, stare. ADJECTIVES: bitter.

uncompromisingly -D VERBS: oppose. ADJECTIVES: determined, hostile, masculine.

unconditionally -D VERBS: accept, release, support, surrender, withdraw.

uncontrollably -D VERBS: bleed, cry, laugh, shake, shiver, shudder, sob, tremble, twitch, weep. ADVERBS: angry, apparently, completely, quite, relatively, seemingly, totally, very.

undeniably -D ADJECTIVES: exciting, gifted, good, impressive, pleasant, pretty, true.

underfoot -D VERBS: crunch, crush, trample. ADJECTIVES: cool, creak, firm, pleasant, slippery, soft, springy, wet.

underground -B VERBS: bury, driven, go, live, work.

understandably -D ADJECTIVES: angry, anxious, cautious, fearful, intoxicated by, keen, nervous, reluctant, upset.

undoubtedly -B VERBS: contribute, enhance, gain, influence, lead.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

unduly -D

192

ADJECTIVES: correct, false, genuine, impressive, superior, useful.

unduly -D VERBS: delay, enrich, harsh, influence, prolong, restrict, tax, trouble, worry. ADJECTIVES: anxious, cautious, concerned, cruel, cynical, expensive, harsh, insistent, lenient, negative, optimistic, patronizing, perturbed, pessimistic, remote, restricted, restrictive, worried.

uneasily -D VERBS: compromise, hover, shift (your weight), shuffle, sit, sleep, stir, wait, wonder.

unequivocally -D VERBS: answer, condemn, evident, identify, reject, state, support. ADJECTIVES: precise.

unevenly -D VERBS: breathe, burn, distribute, move, perform, shine, spread, walk, work. ADJECTIVES: matched.

uneventfully -D VERBS: continue, go, pass, proceed.

unexpectedly -D VERBS: achieve, announce, appear, arrive, ask, attack, become rich, change, defeat, detonate, develop, happen, leave, lose, meet, receive, say, see, shout, stop, think of, veto, win. ADJECTIVES: disturbed, large, negative, positive.

unfailingly -D VERBS: help, support. ADJECTIVES: courteous, friendly, helpful, polite.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

193

unlawfully -D

unfairly -D VERBS: blame, discriminate, dismiss, exclude, penalize, prejudice, punish, treat.

unfavourably -D VERBS: comment, compare, contrast, impress, react, view.

ungraciously -D VERBS: comment, mutter, respond, say.

unhappily -D VERBS: answer, end, stare. ADJECTIVES: employed, married.

uniformly -D VERBS: distribute, spread. ADJECTIVES: brown, cheerful, coloured, enthusiastic, excellent, hostile, polite.

uniquely -D VERBS: condemn, place, position, regard, specify. ADJECTIVES: qualified to, suited to.

unilaterally -D VERBS: act, ban, decide, declare, proclaim.

universally -D ADJECTIVES: acceptable, acclaimed, appealing, fatal, popular, relevant, true, useful, valid.

unjustly -D VERBS: accuse, blame, punish, treat. ADJECTIVES: neglected

unlawfully -D VERBS: act, arrest, demand, discriminate, employ, evict, kill,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

unnaturally -D

194

obtain.

unnaturally -D VERBS: act. ADJECTIVES: active, advanced, bright, developed, excited, flushed, great, pale, quiet, strong.

unnecessarily -D VERBS: alarm, delay, offend, prolong, repeat, restrict, worry. ADJECTIVES: bleak, bureaucratic, complex, complicated, detailed, difficult, expensive, extravagant, harsh, large, mysterious, offensive, pedantic, pessimistic, provocative, restrictive, risky, severe.

unreasonably -D VERBS: act, ask, behave, demand, expect, react, restrain, withhold. ADJECTIVES: angry, cold, critical, determined, difficult, expensive, high, long, mild, negative, positive, rude, severe, warm.

unseeingly -D VERBS: gaze, look, stare.

unsteadily -D VERBS: breathe, lurch, shimmer, sway, totter, walk, whisper, work.

unsuccessfully -D VERBS: appeal, attempt, challenge, compete, contest, copy sb, negotiate, seek, stand, sue, try, urge.

unwittingly -D VERBS: achieve, cause, contribute, provide, reinforce, stumble, throw away.

upstream -D VERBS: fight your way, follow, paddle, swim, work your way.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

195

upwards -BB

urgently -D VERBS: act, appeal, ask for sth, call, consider, demand, meet, need, request, require, review, seek, summon, wave to sb, whisper.

usefully -D VERBS: contribute, employ, explore, spend, summarize.

uselessly -D VERBS: drop, hang, pretend, speculate.

unusually -CC VERBS: become, look, seem. ADJECTIVES: bright, broad, cold, complete, detailed, forthcoming, gentle, good, heavy, helpful, high, hot, large, long, long-lived, low, mild, powerful, prominent, quiet, rapid, restrained, rich, secretive, sensitive, severe, silent, small, strong, subdued, susceptible, tall, warm, wide.

up and down VERBS: jump, leap, march, pace, run, walk.

upright -CC VERBS: keep sth, jerk, prop, sit, stand.

uproariously VERBS: laugh. ADJECTIVES: funny.

upside down -C VERBS: hang, land, turn sth.

upstairs -BB VERBS: come, get, go, live, race, run, rush, walk.

upwards -BB VERBS: adjust, extend, face, float, gaze, grow, jerk, look, move, peer, point, revise, slope, stare, stretch, tilt, turn, work.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

usually -AA

196

usually -AA VERBS: associate, call, employ, exceed, find, imply, involve, lead, mean, prefer, refer, regard, reserve, take, translate, use. ADJECTIVES: covered, fatal, helpful, impassive.

utterly -BB VERBS: absorb, become, change, condemn, cut, destroy, drain, exhaust, fail, feel, forbid, humiliate, look, oppose, reject, seem, transform. ADJECTIVES: abhorrent, absorbed, absurd, alien, amazed, appalling, baffled, barren, beautiful, bewildered, boring, brilliant, calm, characteristic, charming, compelling, confused, contemptuous, content, convinced, convincing, cynical, dedicated, dejected, dependable, dependent, deserted, desolate, desperate, despondent, determined, devoid, devoted, different, disastrous, disgraceful, disillusioned, distraught, empty, exhausted, faithful, false, fearless, foolish, foreign, forlorn, friendless, fruitless, futile, groundless, helpless, hopeless, humiliating, ignorant, immobile, immoral, impossible, impracticable, inaccessible, inadequate, inappropriate, incapable, incompetent, incomprehensible, inconceivable, incongruous, inhuman, intolerant, irreconcilable, irrelevant, irresponsible, isolated, mad, miserable, mistaken, mundane, obscene, opposed, peaceful, pointless, powerless, pragmatic, reasonable, remote, repellent, repulsive, ridiculous, sane, secure, selfish, serene, silent, sincere, terrified, thrilled, unable, unacceptable, unavoidable, unaware, unfair, uninhibited, unknown, unreasonable, useless, vulnerable.

***

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

V

197

vertically -D

vaguely -C VERBS: define, feel, gesture, grope, know, look, mutter, nod, recall, register, remember, reply, resemble, say, seem, sense, smell, talk, think, wave, wonder, word. ADJECTIVES: amusing, apologetic, aware, conscious, disreputable, disturbed, familiar, flattered, foolish, guilty, immoral, insulting, interested, reassuring, repellent, resentful, sinister, suggestive, surprised, troubled, uneasy, unwell.

vainly -D VERBS: attempt, boast, die, hope, seek, struggle, threaten, try.

valiantly -D VERBS: attempt, fight, struggle, try.

variously -D VERBS: call, known as, term, translate. ADJECTIVES: coloured, described, estimated, interpreted.

vastly -D VERBS: different, exaggerate, expand, outnumber, outweigh, overestimate, reduce.

improve,

increase,

ADJECTIVES: amused, disproportionate, entertaining, expensive, experienced, improved, inferior, inflated, popular, preferable, superior.

vehemently -D VERBS: abuse, agree, assault, communicate, condemn, criticize, deny, disagree, object, oppose, protest, reject, shake. ADJECTIVES: anti-nuclear, hostile, opposed.

vertically -D VERBS: align, balance, climb, dive, drop, hold, mount, rise, stand,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

vicariously -D

198

support, take off, tower. ADJECTIVES: straight.

vicariously -D VERBS: live. ADJECTIVES: liable.

viciously -D VERBS: accuse, attack, assault, beat up, lie, snarl, swear.

vigorously -D VERBS: act, attack, campaign, chew, condemn, contest, debate, defend, deny, enforce, kick, massage, nod, oppose, protest, puff, pursue, reject, resist, respond, rub, shake, stir, suppress, swim, uphold, wave.

violently -C VERBS: assault, attack, beat, brake, clash, cough, erupt, flinch, interrupt, jerk, kiss, lurch, nod, oppose, pitch, push, quarrel, react, rock, shake, shiver, shudder, shy, struggle, suppress, swear, swerve, swing, thrash, thud, tremble, twist, twitch, veer, vomit. ADJECTIVES: ill, opposed, sick.

virtually -A VERBS: abandon, abolish, accuse, become, blackmail, cease, collapse, cut, declare, destroy, disappear, double, dry, eliminate, end, erase, exclude, guarantee, halt, halve, ignore, obliterate, paralyze, rebuild, remain, rule, seal, surround, vanish, wipe. ADJECTIVES: absent, assured, automatic, bankrupt, bilingual, certain, circular, complete, constant, derelict, deserted, devoid, empty, endless, equal, essential, extinct, foolproof, friendless, full, harmless, identical, illiterate, immaterial, immobile, immortal, immune, impassable, impenetrable, imperceptible, impervious, impossible, impotent, inaccessible, inaudible, incomprehensible, inconceivable, indefensible, indestructible, indispensable, indistinguishable, inevitable, inexhaustible, infinite, inseparable, insoluble, instantaneous, insurmountable, intact, interchangeable, invincible, invisible, irrelevant, meaningless, motionless, naked, non-

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

199

voraciously -D

existent, obliged, obsolete, painless, penniless, perfect, permanent, powerless, redundant, same, self-sufficient, static, sterile, synonymous, unable, unaffected, unanimous, unaware, unbeatable, unbroken, unchanged, uncontrollable, unheard-of, uninhabitable, unintelligible, unique, universal, unknown, unlimited, unnoticed, unprecedented, unscathed, unthinkable, unused, useless.

visibly -D VERBS: brighten, flinch, overcome, relax, squirm, thaw, wince. ADJECTIVES: aged, agitated, disappointed, disgusted, distressed, embarrassed, irritated, moved, pleased, relaxed, relieved, shaken, shocked, tired, uncomfortable, upset.

visually -D VERBS: present, represent. ADJECTIVES: attractive, exciting, handicapped, inspired, intrusive, stimulating, striking, stunning.

impressive,

vividly -D VERBS: contrast, convey, demonstrate, describe, evoke, illuminate, illustrate, portray, recall, record, recount, remember, remind. ADJECTIVES: coloured.

vocationally -D ADJECTIVES: orientated, qualified, relevant, skilled, trained.

voluntarily -D VERBS: abandon, agree, give, go, leave, make, relinquish, return, submit, surrender, work. ADJECTIVES: homeless, unemployed.

voraciously -D VERBS: eat, feed, read.

***

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

warily -D

W

200

warily -D VERBS: approach, eye, look at, regard, tread, watch.

warm VERBS: wrap up.

warmly -C VERBS: applaud, clasp, congratulate, dress, embrace, endorse, greet, praise, receive, say, shake, shine, smile, speak, thank, welcome, wrap.

weakly -D VERBS: burn, demand, exclaim, glimmer, glow, grin, lean, protest, say, shine, smile. ADJECTIVES: organized, positive.

wearily -D VERBS: lean, rub, sag, shake, sigh, trail, trudge, walk.

west -A VERBS: continue, drive, face, flee, go, head, look, move, travel.

wholly -BB VERBS: convince, cut, fail, finance, neglect, oppose, own, seem, subordinate. ADJECTIVES: absent, admirable, appropriate, arbitrary, avoidable, beneficial, commendable, committed, compatible, composed, consistent, dependent, desirable, destructive, detached, different, disproportionate, distinct, evil, exceptional, exempt, explicable, fictional, fictitious, free, ignorant, illegitimate, imaginary, immaterial, immune, impervious, implausible, impractical, inaccurate, inadequate, inappropriate, incapable, incompatible, inconceivable, inconsistent, indefensible, independent, ineffective, innocent, innocuous, insufficient, intact, irrational, irrelevant,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

201

wildly -CC

irresponsible, lacking, misleading, misplaced, mistaken, negative, negligent, new, novel, objective, one-sided, opposed, owned, peaceful, positive, predictable, reliant, respectable, responsible, satisfactory, satisfying, self-contained, self-sufficient, separate, sincere, subjective, subordinate, superfluous, superior, supportive, symmetrical, transferable, unable, unacceptable, unaffected, unaware, unbalanced, unconscious, understandable, unexpected, unfair, unfit, unfounded, unnecessary, unreal, unreasonable, unsuitable, unwarranted, useless.

wholeheartedly -D VERBS: accept, agree, approve, co-operate, echo, embrace, endorse, perform, subscribe, support, welcome.

wickedly -D VERBS: grin, smile, wink. ADJECTIVES: funny, sharp.

wide -A VERBS: fire, open, shoot. ADJECTIVES: awake, -eyed, open.

widely -AA VERBS: accept, acclaim, acknowledge, adopt, advertise, assume, become, believe, blame, circulate, cite, consider, consult, criticize, differ, discuss, disperse, disseminate, distribute, diverge, echo, employ, expect, exploit, export, fluctuate, grin, hold, implement, interpret, know, known, leak, perceive, promote, publicize, range, read, recognize, regard, report, respect, review, scatter, see, separate, share, smile, space, spread, study, travel, use, vary, view, welcome, yawn. ADJECTIVES: acceptable, accessible, available, different, differing, diverse, experienced, popular, recognized, representative, scattered, separate, unpopular, used, variable, varied.

wildly -CC VERBS: beat, career, cheer, crackle, cry, dance, exaggerate, fire, flail, flap, fluctuate, gesticulate, gesture, hit, kick, look, run, scream,

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

wilfully -D

202

shake, shout, signal, slash, sob, stare, swing, talk, thrash, thud, thump, vary, veer, wave. ADJECTIVES: angry, different, eccentric, enthusiastic, erratic, excited, exciting, extravagant, funny, improbable, inaccurate, optimistic, popular, romantic, successful.

wilfully -D VERBS: damage, disobey, exaggerate, neglect, obstruct, refuse.

willingly -D VERBS: accept, forgo, help, learn, participate, pay, submit, volunteer.

wisely -D VERBS: act, advise, choose, decide, invest, move, nod, refrain, spend, use.

woefully -D ADJECTIVES: inadequate, ignorant, inadequate, incompetent, lacking, neglected, out-of-date, short, uninformed.

wonderfully -D VERBS: get on, name, play. ADJECTIVES: absurd, airy, beautiful, clean, comfortable, comforting, comic, cool, creamy, creative, crisp, decorative, deep, different, entertaining, exciting, expressive, fragrant, fresh, funny, generous, glossy, handsome, happy, imaginative, informative, inventive, light, luxuriant, luxurious, meaty, mellow, pretty, pungent, pure, refreshing, rich, romantic, secluded, soothing, spontaneous, supportive, tolerant, tranquil, varied, versatile, vivid, warm.

wordlessly -D VERBS: nod, point, stare.

worse -A VERBS: do, feel, hurt, play, treat.

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

203

wryly -D

worse than ADJECTIVES: useless.

wrong -A VERBS: go, guess, spell.

wrongly -C VERBS: accuse, act, advise, assume, claim, convict, decide, diagnose, execute, identify, imprison, interfere, judge, label, penalize, position, predict, presume, spell, spelt, state, suppose, suspect.

wrongfully -D VERBS: act, arrest, convict, dismiss, imprison.

wryly -D VERBS: comment, grimace, grin, laugh, murmur, observe, reflect, remark, smile, think, twist. ADJECTIVES: amused.

***

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

yes -AAA

Y

204

yes -AAA VERBS: answer, gesture, nod, reply, say, signal, vote.

***

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

FLUENCY LEXICONS BY PROF. KEV NAIR

How to achieve a high standard of wordsmanship

„ Dictionary of Fluency Word clusters • “An innovative compilation... If descriptive language is the area where you lack fluency, these are the word combinations you should immediately master.” – The New Indian Express.

TM

„ Comprehensive Adjectival Fluency Dictionary

• “Essential combinations of adjectives and nouns.” – TIMES OF INDIA. • Rs.395.00*

• “One-of-a-kind dictionary... It concentrates on accepted combinations of adjectives and nouns that are compatible with one another.” – THE HINDU.

„ Narrative Fluency Dictionary

• “...considered to be the first-ever compilation of adjectives and nouns arranged adjective-wise.” – The New Indian Express. • “Strengthen your fluency” – Hindustan Times. • Rs.395.00*

• “... the first verb-wise compilation of verb-and-noun combinations, authored by Prof. Kev Nair, the pioneer in the field of fluency lexicography..” – The New Indian Express.

„ Dictionary of Active Fluency Combinations

• “An innovative English language word-power dictionary...” – THE HINDU Business Line. • Rs.395.00*

“...important verb-plus-noun groups of words... those essential for English conversation, for spontaneity to happen...” – THE HINDU.

„ Thesaurus of Phrasal Verbs • “The first of its kind in the world. ...aims to help the users to be really fluent in English, with words and word groups rushing to their minds as they start saying something.” – The New Indian Express.

• “Essential for a high degree of narrative fluency.” – The New Indian Express. • Rs.395.00*

„ The Complete Fluency Words • “7373 words you need for greater fluency.” – THE HINDU. • “Landmark work...” – Competition Success Review. • “Deals with words that are necessary as well as sufficient to maintain a high level of fluency in speech and writing...” • Rs.295.00* – The New Indian Express.

„ Dictionary of Essential Fluency Phrases “A collection of word sequences that are the main buildingblocks of fluent speech and writing.” – TIMES OF INDIA. • “...groundbreaking compilation... Rich collection of phrases that are neither conventional idioms nor collocations, but are central to everyday speech and writing.” • Rs.295.00* – The New Indian Express.

„ Core Fluency Thesaurus • “A dedicated fluency-oriented English language thesaurus... Marks the birth of a new branch in thesaurus making... Concentrates on word groups... chosen purely for their fluencyproducing property...” – THE HINDU. • “Focuses on helping advanced users of English achieve a thorough mastery of fluency oriented vocabulary...” – The New Indian Express. • Rs.395.00*

NE

W!

• “It is intended to help advanced learners of English achieve command over phrasal verbs and also fine-tune their knowledge of synonyms and near-meaning of words.” • Rs.395.00* – THE HINDU.

How to Order:

*Price: Subject to change over time. Please visit our website www.fluencybookz.com or ask for our catalogue to get the latest prices.

1). Please find out the latest prices over the phone — or by visiting our website www.fluencybookz.com. Then, just send the price for the book(s) you’re ordering: • By Money Order (MO). • Or, better, by A/c payee Demand Draft (in favour of “Adult Faculties Council”, payable at ERNAKULAM). Important: Write two things at the bottom of the MO — or on the back of the DD: (i) Your full address (your name, detailed address & phone no.), and (ii) The name(s) of the book(s) you’re ordering. NOTE: • No cheques. • Postage: FREE (within India) — for orders with payment in advance. [• For delivery abroad: (i) Payment in advance; (ii) And add Rs.300.00 INR to the price per book (towards postage & handling), if you’re ordering individual books. (iii) If you’d like to place a single order for all 8 books (to be delivered abroad), add just Rs.1000.00 INR to the total of the prices, towards postage & handling.] OR: 2). Order the books by VPP. Just let us have: the name(s) of the book(s) you’re ordering, your full name, postal address (in detail), telephone number and email ID. (By phone/fax/e-mail). NOTE: • For VPP delivery: VPP charges, extra. (To be paid to the Postman at the delivery point). • Important: No VPP delivery abroad. OR: 3). Order the books online through our website www.fluencybookz.com. ATTENTION: Visit www.fluencybookz.com and www.fluentzy.com for exciting offers!

XLNq-B08/n47fqk8Gri9/B08

FLUENCY LEXICONS BY PROF. KEV NAIR

How to achieve a high standard of wordsmanship

„ Dictionary of Fluency Word clusters • “An innovative compilation... If descriptive language is the area where you lack fluency, these are the word combinations you should immediately master.” – The New Indian Express.

TM

„ Comprehensive Adjectival Fluency Dictionary

• “Essential combinations of adjectives and nouns.” – TIMES OF INDIA. • Rs.395.00*

• “One-of-a-kind dictionary... It concentrates on accepted combinations of adjectives and nouns that are compatible with one another.” – THE HINDU.

„ Narrative Fluency Dictionary

• “...considered to be the first-ever compilation of adjectives and nouns arranged adjective-wise.” – The New Indian Express. • “Strengthen your fluency” – Hindustan Times. • Rs.395.00*

• “... the first verb-wise compilation of verb-and-noun combinations, authored by Prof. Kev Nair, the pioneer in the field of fluency lexicography..” – The New Indian Express.

„ Dictionary of Active Fluency Combinations

• “An innovative English language word-power dictionary...” – THE HINDU Business Line. • Rs.395.00*

“...important verb-plus-noun groups of words... those essential for English conversation, for spontaneity to happen...” – THE HINDU.

„ Thesaurus of Phrasal Verbs • “The first of its kind in the world. ...aims to help the users to be really fluent in English, with words and word groups rushing to their minds as they start saying something.” – The New Indian Express.

• “Essential for a high degree of narrative fluency.” – The New Indian Express. • Rs.395.00*

„ The Complete Fluency Words • “7373 words you need for greater fluency.” – THE HINDU. • “Landmark work...” – Competition Success Review. • “Deals with words that are necessary as well as sufficient to maintain a high level of fluency in speech and writing...” • Rs.295.00* – The New Indian Express.

„ Dictionary of Essential Fluency Phrases “A collection of word sequences that are the main buildingblocks of fluent speech and writing.” – TIMES OF INDIA. • “...groundbreaking compilation... Rich collection of phrases that are neither conventional idioms nor collocations, but are central to everyday speech and writing.” • Rs.295.00* – The New Indian Express.

„ Core Fluency Thesaurus • “A dedicated fluency-oriented English language thesaurus... Marks the birth of a new branch in thesaurus making... Concentrates on word groups... chosen purely for their fluencyproducing property...” – THE HINDU. • “Focuses on helping advanced users of English achieve a thorough mastery of fluency oriented vocabulary...” – The New Indian Express. • Rs.395.00*

NE

W!

• “It is intended to help advanced learners of English achieve command over phrasal verbs and also fine-tune their knowledge of synonyms and near-meaning of words.” • Rs.395.00* – THE HINDU.

How to Order:

*Price: Subject to change over time. Please visit our website www.fluencybookz.com or ask for our catalogue to get the latest prices.

1). Please find out the latest prices over the phone — or by visiting our website www.fluencybookz.com. Then, just send the price for the book(s) you’re ordering: • By Money Order (MO). • Or, better, by A/c payee Demand Draft (in favour of “Adult Faculties Council”, payable at ERNAKULAM). Important: Write two things at the bottom of the MO — or on the back of the DD: (i) Your full address (your name, detailed address & phone no.), and (ii) The name(s) of the book(s) you’re ordering. NOTE: • No cheques. • Postage: FREE (within India) — for orders with payment in advance. [• For delivery abroad: (i) Payment in advance; (ii) And add Rs.300.00 INR to the price per book (towards postage & handling), if you’re ordering individual books. (iii) If you’d like to place a single order for all 8 books (to be delivered abroad), add just Rs.1000.00 INR to the total of the prices, towards postage & handling.] OR: 2). Order the books by VPP. Just let us have: the name(s) of the book(s) you’re ordering, your full name, postal address (in detail), telephone number and email ID. (By phone/fax/e-mail). NOTE: • For VPP delivery: VPP charges, extra. (To be paid to the Postman at the delivery point). • Important: No VPP delivery abroad. OR: 3). Order the books online through our website www.fluencybookz.com. ATTENTION: Visit www.fluencybookz.com and www.fluentzy.com for exciting offers!